Qualitative Research in Education Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Qualitative Research in Education introduces students to the fundamental principles, methodologies, and applications of qualitative inquiry in educational settings. The course covers key approaches such as ethnography, case studies, grounded theory, and narrative analysis, focusing on data collection techniques like interviews, observations, and document analysis. Students examine issues of research design, ethics, validity, and the interpretation of findings, while developing skills to critically analyze and conduct original qualitative research. Emphasis is placed on reflexivity, contextual understanding, and the role of the researcher, equipping learners to explore complex educational phenomena and contribute meaningful insights to the field.
Recommended Textbook
Educational Research 5th Edition by John W. Creswell
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Chapter 1: The Process of Conducting Research Using
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
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Q1) In compiling a research report for audiences,the researcher should:
A)Report only findings that will not contradict the audience's predictions
B)Report when participants have misused data
C)Report the practical use of the study results
D)Report the favorable and deemphasize unfavorable results
Answer: C
Q2) You are examining a published journal article to determine if it is more of a quantitative or qualitative study.All of the following characteristics would help you identify that it is a quantitative study except
A)the inclusion of specific research questions.
B)the use of numeric or numbered data.
C)the sample of a large number of individuals.
D)the interpretation of the larger meaning.
Answer: D
Q3) A research study contains in-depth interviews with participants based on a set of questions designed by the researchers.From the data,the authors specify a number of themes and then follow up with a brief survey to elicit attitudes.Is this study mostly quantitative or qualitative?
Answer: Qualitative
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Identifying a Research Problem
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Q1) Why would a researcher mention the audience in a "statement of the problem" section of a study?
A)Because members of the audience need to use the study
B)Because members of the audience will vote to publish the study
C)Because members of the audience will want to use the study
D)Because members of the audience need to see the study's relevance
Answer: D
Q2) Look at paragraph 4 of the mothers' trust in school principals study (Shelden et al.,2010).On what basis do the authors justify the need to study the research problem?
Answer: Evidence from past research studies
Q3) A research problem is
A)a problem that needs to be researched.
B)an issue or concern in education.
C)an important passage that begins a study.
D)the question being addressed in a study.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Reviewing the Literature
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Q1) Identify the best approach to locate literature for a literature review
A)Conduct a broad internet search,such as Google
B)Ask faculty or students to recommend good articles and studies to review.
C)Examine a textbook related to the topic.
D)Run a search of a database,such as ERIC
Answer: D
Q2) You read the following description of a study in a journal article: "Smith (1993)identified three strategies department chairs used in universities to help mentor faculty who aspire to become good teachers: class visits,discussions with master teachers,and organized classroom discussions." This quote illustrates what type of source of information for a literature review?
A)A direct source from the author of a published research study
B)A source of primary information useful in a literature review
C)A source of secondary information useful in a literature review
D)A source of tertiary information useful in a literature review
Answer: B
Q3) Write to the left of each heading in the blank the number of the level of the heading in appropriate APA style (6<sup>th</sup> ed.).
Answer: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
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Chapter 4: Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or
Hypotheses
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Q1) List the dependent variable:
Q2) In the following quantitative purpose statement,indicate the intervening variable:
A)College students
B)Self-esteem
C)Social interactions
D)High grades
Q3) In your own words,construct the central question that this study addresses:
Q4) Identify the central phenomenon in this qualitative purpose statement.
Q5) Which one of the following is NOT a variable?
A)Self-concept
B)Age
C)Gender
D)U.S.stereotype
Q6) Rewrite this poor example of a qualitative central research question:
Q7) What is the location or research site for the study?
Q8) What is the purpose of the questions in this passage?
Q9) What are four elements are present?
Q10) List the independent variable: Page 6
Q11) Rewrite the following poor example of a quantitative research hypothesis:
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Chapter 5: Collecting Quantitative Data
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Q1) In the question below,indicate the type of scale used by the author:
Q2) A graduate student plans to conduct a study about the use of computers in the middle school classroom.To obtain permission for this study,the student visits with the head of research and evaluation in the school district,the principal of the middle school,and the university institutional review board.What permission is also needed before the student begins the study?
A)Permission from the Apple computer company
B)Permission from the informed consent group
C)Permission from the technology center in the school
D)Permission from parents of the students
Q3) Why do we systematically determine sample size? Select the best answer.
A)Because the IRB process requires it
B)Because of the size needed for statistics
C)Because our advisor recommends it
D)Because our findings require it
Q4) Snowball sampling is illustrated with which of the following procedures?
A)A researcher accumulates participants over time in the design.
B)A researcher asks a principal to have her teachers fill out instruments.
C)A researcher uses a random numbers table to select participants.
D)A researcher selects individuals who are willing to participate.
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Chapter 6: Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data
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Q1) From the statements below,select the best guideline to use for selecting a statistical program for your quantitative data analysis.
A)The program is the recommendation of another student.
B)The program has an app available for a mobile device or tablet.
C)The program is produced as an open source software.
D)The program has thorough documentation for procedures.
Q2) The two areas at the end of a normal curve that indicate low probability values if the null hypothesis is true are called
A)a two-tailed test.
B)the critical region.
C)the area of the true null.
D)the significance level or alpha.
Q3) Which of the following factors is most important to consider in selecting an appropriate statistical test for a quantitative study?
A)How many independent variables are in the data
B)Whether the codes suggest it is appropriate
C)How many research questions are in the study
D)Whether the independent variable relates to the question
Q4) Why it is important to check for effect size in addition to hypothesis testing?
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Chapter 7: Collecting Qualitative Data
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Q1) Ethical issues often arise in collecting qualitative data.Which one of the following situations may raise an ethical issue in qualitative research?
A)Participants may disclose sensitive information during interviews.
B)Participants may talk openly about their indigenous culture.
C)Participants may sign a waiver providing information to the researcher.
D)Participants may withhold important information during an interview.
Q2) What is the purpose of an interview or an observational protocol in qualitative research?
A)It helps determine the appropriate procedure.
B)It forms the basis for conducting data collection.
C)It provides a form for the researcher to take notes.
D)It offers an international process for researchers.
Q3) You are recording information on your observational protocol.What type of notes would you record on this protocol?
A)Participant fieldnotes
B)Reflective fieldnotes
C)Observational fieldnotes
D)Audio fieldnotes
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Chapter 8: Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data
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Q1) What is the difference between a good example of description and a poor example?
A)The good example transports you to the setting.
B)The good example describes accurately the situation.
C)The good example uses a detailed quote.
D)The good example goes on at some length.
Q2) Which one of the following is the best reason to hand analyze your qualitative data?
A)You want to be close to the data.
B)You are analyzing a larger database.
C)You need to organize and track extensive information.
D)You need to capture specific quotes.
Q3) If you were to identify codes to use in the study of an elementary classroom,which one of the following is the LEAST likely code that you might use?
A)A code word in your own words
B)A code word that captures the activities
C)A code word based on the actual words of students
D)A code word from a curriculum guide
Q4) List the five elements to include in the final section in which you interpret findings for a qualitative study?
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Chapter 9: Reporting and Evaluating Research
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Q1) What point of view is represented in this passage? (check the correct answer)
A)An impersonal point of view
B)A dramatic point of view
C)A personal point of view
D)A direct experience point of view
Q2) A research report presented to reviewers before a conference so that they can determine if the research is acceptable for presentation at the conference is
A)a paper for scholarly presentation at a conference.
B)a proposal to present the paper at a conference.
C)a field-based reviewed research paper for a conference.
D)a preliminary study before presenting the paper to a journal.
Q3) You are looking at a journal article from a leading educational journal.You are trying to identify its physical structure.The following are good strategies to use to identify the structure EXCEPT?
A)You examine the number and type of levels of headings in the report.
B)You search for how the author answered each of the research questions.
C)You examine the number of pages given to each section of the study.
D)You locate the six steps in the process of research.
Q4) Rewrite the model to improve its balance.
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Chapter 10: Experimental Designs
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Q1) In this experimental study,what was the dependent variable or outcome assessed in the study?
Q2) Define what is meant by a threat to external validity.
Q3) You are conducting an experiment with several school districts to identify if district goal setting as a treatment influences the outcome of high student achievement in the districts.Your experimental unit of analysis would be
A)an organization.
B)the school districts.
C)schools in the school districts.
D)students in the school districts.
Q4) What serves as the control in single subject research?
A)Matched participants serve as the control
B)The target behavior serves as the control
C)The comparison condition serves as the control
D)Each participant serves as his or her own control
Q5) Why are groups compared in an experiment?
A)Because they differ in important characteristics
B)To isolate whether the treatment affects the outcome
C)To identify if the groups statistically differ
D)To eliminate whether groups have different experiences
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Correlational Designs
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Q1) What is the basic feature of multiple regression analysis?
A)It examines the association between two variables.
B)It examines the effect of multiple independent variables on one dependent variable.
C)It examines the effect of one independent variable on multiple dependent variables.
D)It indicates the causal sequence among variables.
Q2) An explanatory and a prediction correlational design have what factor in common?
A)They both examine the association between two or more variables.
B)They both try to explain and predict outcomes of a study.
C)They both include predictor variables to be measured.
D)They both use advanced statistical procedures for analysis.
Q3) If you were to examine two plots of scores on two scatterplots and draw circles around the scores,which two plots listed below would be the most similar in form?
A)Positive linear and positive uncorrelated
B)Positive linear and negative linear
C)Curvilinear and no correlation
D)Curvilinear and negative linear
Q4) What association is the strongest of all of the variables in the matrix?
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Chapter 12: Survey Designs
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Q1) A researcher is preparing a mailed questionnaire.Which of the following is the best strategy to improve response rates?
A)Have a plan to follow-up with nonrespondents
B)Conduct a wave analysis before sending the questionnaire.
C)Use a high value incentive to entice participants
D)Develop clear statistical procedures for analysis.
Q2) In a mailed questionnaire,survey researchers often use a few semi-closed-ended questions.What is the purpose of including these questions?
A) To allow respondents to write in answers that do not fit the response choices
B) To demonstrate that the researcher is open to many possibilities
C) To permit respondents to comment further about their responses
D) To permit individuals to talk about their ideas in some depth
Q3) Was this an example of longitudinal or cross-sectional research?
Q4) Of the alternative "types" of surveys,was the approach used more of a questionnaire or an interview?
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Chapter 13: Grounded Theory Designs
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Q1) In the process of analyzing qualitative data from open coding to axial coding in grounded theory research,which one of the descriptions below best describes the process of selecting a core category?
A)You select an important open coding category for the core category.
B)You identify the causal conditions and then determine an effect of it.
C)You list the categories and build on these by advancing an axial model.
D)You select a core category that best describes the process being studied.
Q2) You are looking at a figure of an axial coding paradigm in grounded theory research.You might see the following boxes of information EXCEPT
A)causal conditions.
B)intervening conditions.
C)themes.
D)strategies.
Q3) Grounded theory research can be distinguished from experimental research in which of the following ways?
A)The use of a theory framework
B)The use of systematic procedures
C)The use of an emerging design
D)The need for institutional review board approval
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Chapter 14: Ethnographic Designs
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Q1) A culture-sharing group in an ethnography can be described as
A)a group of students in the same school in the same town.
B)a group of athletes who have spent the soccer season together.
C)a group of teachers from different schools.
D)a group of counselors located at schools in the district.
Q2) In ethnographic fieldwork,information supplied by the participants in a study is known as
A)emic data.
B)negotiation data.
C)etic data.
D)fieldwork data.
Q3) A researcher conducts an ethnographic study of three high schools who have introduced AIDS education into their curricula.What type of case study is this?
A)A curriculum case study
B)An intrinsic case study
C)An instrumental case study
D)A collective case study
Q4) What is the culture-sharing group that this researcher is exploring?
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Chapter 15: Narrative Research Designs
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Q1) When narrative researchers describe focusing in on individual experiences,they are referring to
A)learning how individuals experience personal situations.
B)learning how individuals experience their families.
C)learning how individuals experience their lives through storytelling.
D)learning how individuals experience life through the process of focusing.
Q2) In narrative researches,the term chronology means
A)developing a narrative using a time sequence of events.
B)developing a narrative into a series of specific steps.
C)developing a narrative that takes history into account.
D)developing a narrative that chronicles an individual's life.
Q3) Reflexivity or self-disclosure by the researcher is part of all good qualitative research,including narrative studies.How did Chan disclose her position and experiences in this study?
A)The author discussed her background as a Chinese-American.
B)The author briefly mentions her participation in the Canadian school.
C)The author intentionally distanced herself from the participant in the study.
D)The author discussed her role in making an interpretation of events.
Q4) Why would Chan study the experiences of one Chinese immigrant student in this narrative study?
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Mixed Methods Designs
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Q1) The mixed methods researcher collects quantitative data in the first sequence followed by qualitative interviews.The design is most likely
A)convergent.
B)explanatory sequential.
C)exploratory sequential.
D)transformative.
Q2) Which one of the following is the best justification for why you might use mixed methods research as your design?
A)To converge two forms of qualitative data to better understand a trait.
B)To converge quantitative and qualitative data to better understand a problem.
C)To keep quantitative and qualitative data separate within a study.
D)To test the quantitative interpretations using qualitative data.
Q3) Also by examining the title,how do the authors foreshadow that both qualitative and quantitative data will be collected?
Q4) List three of the criteria for evaluating a mixed methods study.
Q5) In what ways do the authors give "priority" to quantitative research in this study? Mention at least two ways.
Q6) By examining this title,what was the type of mixed methods design used?
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Chapter 17: Action Research Designs
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Q1) When action research is compared with other designs in educational research,we might conclude that it
A)is distinct because the researcher takes action.
B)is less structured in terms of procedures.
C)includes purpose statements rather than research questions.
D)is less "scholarly" than other forms of educational research.
Q2) In what ways did Heil's project involve the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data?
Q3) The group most responsible for encouraging the use of action research has been
A)teachers who would like to grow and develop as professionals.
B)school principals and superintendent who support education reform.
C)researchers in universities and colleges who support practice.
D)students who seek to improve their skills and enhance their learning.
Q4) To change a mixed methods research study into an action research study calls for
A)mixing the quantitative and qualitative data less in the study.
B)placing more action into the research plan.
C)focusing the study more on developing a plan to solve a problem.
D)using essentially the same multiple forms of data collection.
Q5) What is the practical problem that Heil hopes to solve in this action research study?
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