Qualitative Methods in Criminology
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Qualitative Methods in Criminology provides an in-depth exploration of the qualitative research approaches used to investigate crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. This course covers key methodologies such as ethnography, participant observation, in-depth interviews, case studies, and content analysis, highlighting their strengths and challenges in criminological research. Students will learn how to design qualitative studies, conduct fieldwork ethically, analyze non-numerical data, and interpret findings within theoretical frameworks relevant to criminology. The course also addresses issues of reflexivity, validity, and representation, equipping students with practical skills to critically evaluate and apply qualitative methods in their research and future careers.
Recommended Textbook
Essential Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods 1st Edition by Peter B. Kraska
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12 Chapters
395 Verified Questions
395 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Criminal Justice and Criminology Research:
Mapping the Terrain
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32 Verified Questions
32 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________ ,is the mixture of quantitative and qualitative techniques in a single study or series of studies on the same topic.
A)applied research
B)evidence-based practice
C)mixed methods research
D)exploratory research
Answer: C
Q2) ______________ attempts to determine the effectiveness of a program,policy,or method.It is the most widely used type of research conducted for,and used in,criminal justice bureaucracies.
A)applied research
B)evidence-based practice
C)mixed methods research
D)exploratory research
Answer: D
Q3) Quantitative research as using text,language,and visually based data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Nature of Science and Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) We know a lot about the social world from ordinary reasoning or __________________ .
A)Personal experience knowledge
B)common sense knowledge
C)Tradition knowledge
D)authority knowledge
Answer: B
Q2) Political funding in criminology/criminal justice does jot have a significant impact on its research agenda.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) _________________ occurs when we have some evidence that we believe and then assume that it applies to many other situations.
A)overgeneralization
B)selective observation
C)premature closure
D)halo effect
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations
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Sample Questions
Q1) is an orientation toward reality that assumes the beliefs and meanings people construct and use in a social context fundamentally shape social reality.
A)the social construction of reality
B)human agency
C)verstehen
D)interpretive social science
Answer: A
Q2) The idea that each of us carries with us an enormous stock of theoretical knowledge essential for making sense of our surroundings is known as a personal theoretical framework.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) _____________ are ideas expressed as a symbol or in words.
A)theoretical assumptions
B)theoretical concepts
C)ideologies
D)concepts
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Ethics and Reviewing the Literature
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________________ is based on three moral principles.
A)IRB
B)feminist/critical model of research ethics
C)codes of ethics
D)RIH
Q2) ___________ is the role a field researcher adopts where he or she reveals research is being conducted but is vague about its details.
A)shallow cover
B)explicit cover
C)illicit observation
D)covert observation
Q3) _____________ occurs when a researcher falsifies or distorts the data or the methods of data collection,or plagiarizes the work of others.
A)scientific misconduct
B)research fraud
C)plagiarism
D)research atrocities
Q4) What are the objectives of conducting a literature review?
Q5) What are the general principles of ethical research?
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Chapter 5: Quantitative and Qualitative Research Design
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A ____________ is an interpretations from the point of view of the people being studied.
A)first-order interpretation
B)second-order interpretation
C)third-order interpretation
D)fourth-order interpretation
Q2) The values or the categories of a variable are its ________________(e.g. ,male/female,murder/assault).It is easy to confuse variables with attributes.
A)intervening variable
B)independent variable
C)dependent variable.
D)attributes
Q3) What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?
Q4) If two variables are associated they are causally related.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the four types of triangulation.
Q6) What are the best ways to select topic for research?
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Chapter 6: Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement and Sampling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sampling ratio is a sample in which the sampling elements are selected using something other than a mathematically random process.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ___________ uses some standard or criterion to indicate a construct accurately.The validity of an indicator is verified by comparing it with another measure of the same construct in which a researcher has confidence.
A)Concurrent validity
B)Predictive validity
C)Content validity
D)Criterion validity
Q3) __________________ level of measurement that identifies a difference among categories of a variable and allows the categories to be rank ordered as well.
A)Ordinal-level measurement
B)Ratio-level measurement
C)Nominal-level measurement
D)Interval-level measurement
Q4) List and describe the types of measurement reliability and validity.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Criminal Justice Research
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35 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) 29,Research participants might react differently in an experiment from the way they would in real life because they know they are in a study;this is called external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q2) ______________ is a threat to internal validity that occurs when the very process of measuring in the pretest can have an impact on the dependent variable.
A)testing effect
B)instrumentation
C)history effects
D)maturation effect
Q3) _________________ has one group,a pretest,a treatment,and a posttest.It lacks a control group and random assignment.
A)quasi-experimental designs
B)one-group pretest-posttest design
C)one-shot case-study design
D)classical experimental design
Q4) List and describe the major threats to internal validity.
Q5) What are the steps in conducting an experiment?
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Chapter 8: Survey and Interview Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is a model of standardized survey research in which there are no communication problems and respondents' responses perfectly match their thoughts.
A)Knowledge.
B)Naïve assumption model
C)Self-classification.
D)Policies.
Q2) A _______________ is a question that leads the respondent to choose one response over another by its wording.
A)double-barreled question
B)leading question
C)open-ended question
D)closed-ended question
Q3) An ________________(unstructured,free response)simply asks a question to which respondents can give any answer (e.g. ,"What is the most serious factor affecting morale in this agency?").
A)double-barreled question
B)leading question
C)open-ended question
D)closed-ended question
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Chapter 9: Nonreactive Research: Content Analysis and Existing Documentsstatistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) ______________ in written text is measured by counting words,sentences,paragraphs,or area on a page (e.g. ,square inches).
A)Direction
B)Intensity
C)Frequency
D)Space
Q2) In addition to written rules for coding decisions,a content analysis researcher creates a recording sheet (also called a coding sheet)on which to record information.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nonreactive research is the second most common research method used in crime and justice studies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the four characteristics of content identified in coding systems.
Q5) Explain the categories of unobtrusive measures.
Q6) Latent coding tends to be more reliable than manifest coding.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Crime and Justice Ethnographic Field Research
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38 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the steps in field research?
Q2) External consistency refers to whether the data are plausible given all that is known about a person or event,eliminating common forms of human deception.In other words,do the pieces fit together into a coherent picture?
A)True
B)False
Q3) People constantly acknowledge tacit knowledge and are explicitly aware of.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Notes a qualitative researcher takes while developing more abstract ideas,themes,or hypotheses from an examination of details in the data are known as:
A)argot
B)jotted notes
C)analytic memos
D)direct observation notes
Q5) People are aware of explicit knowledge and readily discuss it.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the characteristics of an ideal field informant?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Historical, Qualitative, Document Analysis, Academic Legal,
and Mixed Methods
Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the similarities between historical and ethnographic research?
Q2) ____________means we evaluate the authenticity of a document itself to be certain that it is not a fake or a forgery.
A)internal criticism
B)bowdlerization
C)external criticism
D)dialogical criticism
Q3) The statements or writings of individuals about their past lives or experiences based on memory are:
A)primary sources
B)running records
C)secondary sources
D)recollections.
Q4) __________________ is the systematic collection and legal analysis of law related sources in order to generate knowledge about a given crime and justice subject.
A)Quantitative research
B)Academic legal research
C)Technical legal research
D)Qualitative document analysis
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ______________ is the easiest to use and can be used with nominal,ordinal, interval,or ratio data.It is simply the most common or frequently occurringNumber.
A)mode
B)frequency polygon
C)histogram
D)frequency distribution
Q2) The median is the middle point.It is also the 50th percentile,or the point at which half the cases are above it and half below it.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ___________________ exist when variables appear together and are associated (they covary).
A)Bivariate statistics
B)Statistical relationships
C)Covariation
D)Independence
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