Qualitative Health Research
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Qualitative Health Research explores the principles and methodologies used to study health phenomena from a qualitative perspective. The course covers topics such as research design, data collection techniques (including interviews, focus groups, and observation), data analysis methods, and the ethical considerations specific to qualitative research in health settings. Emphasis is placed on understanding the experiences, beliefs, and behaviors of individuals and communities, and how these can inform health interventions, policy, and practice. Throughout the course, students critically evaluate published qualitative studies and have opportunities to develop and apply their own qualitative research skills.
Recommended Textbook
Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences 8th Edition by Bruce L. Berg
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) The founder of the Iowa School of Symbolic Interactionism is _______.
A) Kuhn
B) Dewey
C) Mead
D) Blumer
Answer: A
Q2) What type of concept does quantitative research measure?
A) Definition
B) Characteristic
C) Number
D) Essence
Answer: C
Q3) A researcher examines the naturally occurring language and meanings that people give to their life experiences with a focus on emotions, motivations, symbols, and empathy. What methodology is this researcher using?
A) Qualitative research
B) Triangulation
C) Chicago School symbolic interactionism
D) Iowa School symbolic interactionism
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Designing Qualitative Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Close your eyes, and imagine yourself standing on a railroad track with a train engine speeding toward you. Then imagine raising your hands and stopping the train in motion, as if you are a superhero. What kind of reality is this an example of?
A) Sensory
B) Cognitive
C) Physical
D) Objective
Answer: B
Q2) A sampling technique that obtains subjects through referrals from a small group of a difficult to access population is ____________.
A) availability sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) snowball sampling
D) probability sampling
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Ethical Issues
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Q1) What are some of the criteria for an IRB's members, and what guidelines are left fuzzy or unspecified?
Answer: An IRB must be composed of a minimum of five members. The member should have varying backgrounds so they can provide a complete and adequate review of a variety of topics. The IRB should not be composed singularly of one racial, ethnic, or gender group, or a single profession. There should be at least one member who does not work in the social sciences, or any science at all, for example, lawyers, ethicists, or clergy. The federal government does not specify how to select members for the IRB, how long they should be able to serve, what research qualifications a member should have, or how to elect a chairperson of the IRB. Regulations specify that "assurances" must be submitted to the Office for Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of Health. Those specify the IRB members' names, earned degrees, representative capacity, and indication of experience. The requirements allude to the inclusion of clinicians by asking for documents similar to board certifications or licenses.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: A Dramaturgical Look at Interviewing
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Q1) When a researcher uses visual cues to evaluate respondent reaction to questions and types data into a laptop, it is called ________.
A) Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
B) Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)
C) Web-Based In-Depth Interviewing
D) Email-Based In-Depth Interviewing
Q2) What is dramaturgy?
A) A performance in which the researcher and subject play off of one another toward a common end
B) An exchange in which interviewee guides the shape of the dialogue
C) A disclosure of personal information by the interviewer
D) A meaning-making construction where the content discussed is not important
Q3) What considerations should an interviewer keep in mind to create a question order for the interview?
Q4) Explain how a researcher can navigate a subject's evasion tactics during an interview.
Q5) What considerations should an interviewer keep in mind when wording questions to obtain all necessary data?
Q6) Explain how to prepare a quality telephone interview.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Focus Group Interviewing
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Sample Questions
Q1) What technique can be used to unite spatially and temporally separate participants in a text-based group discussion via email?
A) Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI)
B) Virtual Focus Groups
C) Web-Based In-Depth Interviewing
D) Email-Based In-Depth Interviewing
Q2) Historically, for what purpose have focus groups been traditionally used?
A) Psychological research
B) Social Science research
C) Advertising research
D) Marketing research
Q3) What strategy allows the moderator to determine what subjects individually know or believe without the influence of others in the focus group, and simultaneously lets people think about and perhaps commit to certain ideas and attitudes about the topics discussed?
A) Group diary
B) Role playing
C) Drawing exercises
D) Pre-focus group survey
Q4) Compare and contrast focus group interviewing and unobtrusive measures.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Ethnographic Field Strategies
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Q1) Why do social scientists recognize that research is seldom value-neutral? When is it important for the researcher to stop being value-neutral?
Q2) Explain researcher concerns during the "getting in" phase of research.
Q3) The understanding of a social environment from an outsider position is called __________. This is the perspective created in the researcher's analysis, products of interpretations of meaning, theoretical and analytic explanations, and understandings of symbols as mediated through the researcher.
A) thick description
B) subjective soaking
C) emic view
D) etic view
Q4) When a researcher's presence or behaviors in a research setting trigger conflict, violence, or hostility from others in a setting, this is called _________________.
A) situational risk
B) ethnographic danger
C) ambient risk
D) unnecessary risk
Q5) Why is reflectivity important to ethnography?
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Chapter 7: Action Research
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Q1) A discipline that is NOT representative of a common application of action research is _____________.
A) individual entrepreneurs
B) schools
C) hospitals
D) justice agencies
Q2) During analysis of collected data, which question(s) will the researcher ask to focus in on specific actors, events, and activities that relate to the problems or issues at hand?
A) What and how
B) Why
C) Who, where, when
D) Whether
Q3) Which research technique can be especially helpful when determining the problems that a group of stakeholders feel that they face?
A) Participant observation
B) Interviewing
C) Ethnography
D) Focus groups
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Chapter 8: Unobtrusive Measures in Research
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Q1) The private archival material source that allows the writer to reflect on his or her own performance while reflecting on the performance of the people with whom he or she has interacted is the_____________.
A) letter
B) diary
C) autobiography
D) blog
Q2) The physical items left behind humans are called traces. The category of traces that are indicators that build up or accumulate over time are measures of
A) official documentary records
B) accretion
C) physical erosion
D) archival strategies
Q3) What is physical accretion, and what is an example of an accretion study?
Q4) Define actuarial records and give an example of how they can be used as an unobtrusive data source.
Q5) What is physical erosion, and what is an example of an erosion study?
Q6) Define unobtrusive research, and explain how it works.
Q7) Why is video record becoming such a valuable research tool?
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Chapter 9: Social Historical Research and Oral Traditions
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Q1) Propaganda that is intentionally biased to create hate toward one group would be filtered out as a genuine, but invalid source during which process?
A) External criticism
B) Internal criticism
C) Plagiarism
D) Investigator detection
Q2) A Web site cataloguing transcribed oral histories alongside archival musical material is called the _______________.
A) Internet Archive
B) Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer's Project
C) What Did You Do in the War, Grandma?
D) Hogan Jazz Archive
Q3) Create a list of several questions of your own, or from the text that are examples of things a researcher should ask when determining if a source is genuine and accurate. Provide a way that the researcher could answer that question.
Q4) Create a list of several questions of your own, or from the text that are examples of things a researcher should ask when determining if a source is valid. Provide a way that the researcher could answer that question.
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Chapter 10: Case Studies
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Q1) To be called a case study, the research project must be ________________.
A) one instance of a broader category of events
B) systematically recapturing nuances of the past orally
C) a study of a small group of individuals sharing common characteristics
D) covert observation of a large corporation
Q2) What are the steps involved in creation of grounded theory during case study research?
Q3) Which researcher quality allows the researcher to record data while interpreting and reacting to the data collected?
A) Inquiring mind
B) Ability to listen and sense
C) Understanding of the issues
D) Unbiased interpretation
Q4) Which type of case study investigates multiple research entities for the purpose of cross-unit comparison?
A) Snapshot case study
B) Longitudinal case study
C) Pre-post case study
D) Comparative case study
Q5) What is an example of a case study from your own knowledge, or from the text?
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Chapter 11: An Introduction to Content Analysis
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Q1) Which involves the researcher spending substantial time in a research community, and analysis of field notes as text to uncover the ways people operate in a particular setting, and manage their day-to-day lives?
A) Content analysis
B) Interpretative approaches
C) Social anthropological approaches
D) Collaborative approaches
Q2) Which type of coding involves the storage of information, and is the first phase of coding to Morse and Richards?
A) Open coding
B) Coding by topic
C) Descriptive coding
D) Analytic coding
Q3) Which unit of analysis counts the number of times a specific person is mentioned in the data?
A) Semantics
B) Characters
C) Concepts
D) Items
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Chapter 12: Writing Research Papers: Sorting the Noodles from the Soup
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Q1) Which part of a methodology section describes how and why a particular strategy of data investigation was used?
A) Analysis techniques
B) Subjects
C) Data
D) Setting
Q2) Which writing pitfall limits your comments to very current observations and documentation, or obsolete past periods?
A) Date stamping
B) Passive voice
C) Vague referrals
D) Long run-on sentences
Q3) Which heading level is written flush to the left, has the first letter of each word capitalized, and categorizes or explains information relevant to a major topical area?
A) A head
B) B head
C) C head
D) D head
Q4) What value does rewriting have in research?
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