Public Policy Analysis Review Questions
Course Introduction
Public Policy Analysis is a comprehensive course that introduces students to the frameworks, tools, and techniques used to evaluate and understand public policies. The course covers the process of problem definition, policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation, examining how political, economic, and social factors shape policy outcomes. Students learn to apply analytical methods to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of policies, and gain skills in constructing policy briefs, conducting cost-benefit analysis, and interpreting data relevant to public decisions. By exploring real-world case studies, the course prepares students to critically engage with policy issues and contribute to evidence-based policy development in a variety of public sector settings.
Recommended Textbook
Public Finance and Public Policy 5th Edition by Jonathan Gruber
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24 Chapters
1045 Verified Questions
1045 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Why Study Public Finance
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44 Verified Questions
44 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following might be an indirect unintended effect of providing income support to those without jobs?
A) Those without jobs are made better off.
B) Those without jobs are made worse off.
C) People without jobs now search for and acquire jobs.
D) People without jobs no longer search for and acquire jobs.
Answer: D
Q2) What are the fundamental issues that the supporters and opponents of Affordable Care Act (ACA)cannot agree on? Explain.
Answer: The proper role of the government in dealing with health care coverage and costs is the fundamental controversy among the supporters and opponents of ACA.Supporters argue that the bill corrects failed insurance markets,reduces the economic burden on the uninsured,and moves to control health care costs in the long run.On the other hand,opponents of the legislation view the ACA as an unwarranted expansion of government power into the health care sector-and an enormous expansion of government spending at a time of high deficits.
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3
Chapter 2: Theoretical Tools of Public Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consumer surplus is greater than producer surplus when the demand curve is __________; producer surplus is greater than consumer surplus when the demand curve is _________.
A) elastic; elastic
B) inelastic; inelastic
C) perfectly elastic; perfectly inelastic
D) inelastic; elastic
Answer: D
Q2) Producer surplus can be defined as the difference between:
A) the demand curve and the price of the good.
B) the supply curve and the price of the good.
C) the supply curve and the demand curve.
D) the price charged by sellers and the price paid by buyers.
Answer: B
Q3) A utilitarian social welfare function implies that:
A) the well-being of the worst-off member is maximized.
B) income redistribution reduces social welfare.
C) everyone in society has the same marginal utility.
D) no redistribution should occur.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Empirical Tools of Public Finance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If two measures,A and B,are correlated,which is definitely TRUE?
A) A causes B.
B) B causes A.
C) There is no causation between A and B.
D) It is possible that there is a causal relationship between A and B.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
A) Control variables used in cross-sectional regression analysis typically remove all bias.
B) Attrition of volunteers in randomized trials rarely occurs.
C) Randomized trials are typically expensive.
D) Randomized trials do not yield reliable results.
Answer: C
Q3) Two economic variables are _____ if the movement of one causes movement of the other.
A) correlated
B) uncorrelated
C) causally related
D) casually related
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Budget Analysis and Deficit Financing
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48 Verified Questions
48 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following must be TRUE?
A) If debt increased from one year to the next,there must have been a budget deficit.
B) If debt decreased from one year to the next,there must have been a budget surplus.
C) If debt increased from one year to the next,entitlement spending must have been increased.
D) If debt increased from one year to the next,discretionary spending must have been increased.
Q2) Under which president did the United States experience the greatest increase in the deficit?
A) Jimmy Carter
B) Ronald Reagan
C) William Clinton
D) George W.Bush
Q3) Compare and contrast static scoring of the budget with dynamic scoring when it comes to evaluating the effect of a policy change.
Q4) Explain the views of conservatives and liberals regarding the causes of persistent federal budget deficits.
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Chapter 5: Externalities- Problems and Solutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your neighbor Gabriella plays loud music that irritates you and the rest of her neighbors.She agrees to turn down the music by 5 decibels for every $25 she receives from her neighbors,and even though you and your neighbors collectively value reductions of 5 decibels at more than $25 per person,no one pays.This is an example of:
A) the holdout problem.
B) the assignment problem.
C) the free rider problem.
D) the problem of internalizing an externality.
Q2) Suppose that a market is in equilibrium and that there is no government intervention in the market.If the private marginal cost of producing an item is $4 and the social marginal cost of production is $6,what is the private marginal benefit of the item?
A) $2
B) $4
C) $10
D) $6
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7
Chapter 6: Externalities in Action- Environmental and Health Externalities
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49 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The 1997 global meeting on climate change in Kyoto,Japan,addressed:
A) acid rain only.
B) global warming only.
C) neither acid rain nor global warming.
D) both acid rain and global warming.
Q2) The Clean Air Act of 1970 forced utilities to:
A) install scrubbers on power plants built before 1970 or switch to low-sulfur coal.
B) install scrubbers on power plants built after 1970 or switch to low-sulfur coal.
C) relocate large numbers of power plants to Mexico.
D) immediately replace older,dirtier power plants with new plants equipped with scrubbers.
Q3) Suppose smoking increases health care costs in a society in which everyone has health insurance.If smokers are charged higher prices for health insurance,the smoking externality is:
A) internalized through actuarial adjustments.
B) internalized through compensating differentials.
C) positive instead of negative.
D) not internalized.
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Chapter 7: Public Goods
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45 Verified Questions
45 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Business improvement districts have tended to be effective when:
A) laws allow businesses to overcome the free rider problem.
B) business owners are altruistic.
C) there is substantial social capital in the business district.
D) local businesses merge,aligning their interests.
Q2) Which refers to the idea that even if individuals are willing to tell government how much they are willing to pay for a public good,they may not have an idea of what that is?
A) preference revelation
B) preference aggregation
C) preference knowledge
D) warm-glow effect
Q3) Which of the following is TRUE when there is the socially optimal amount of a private good with no externality?
A) Private benefits equal private costs.
B) Social marginal benefit equals private marginal cost.
C) Consumer surplus equals producer surplus.
D) Social marginal benefit exceeds social marginal cost.
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9
Chapter 8: Cost-Benefit Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ analysis consists of a comparison of the projected expenses and benefits of public goods projects to decide if they should be undertaken.
A) Contingent valuation
B) Cash flow
C) Cost-benefit
D) Social discounting
Q2) What is the present discounted value of $400 a year from now and $500 two years from now if the interest rate is 10%?
A) $676.18
B) $743.80
C) $818.18
D) $776.86
Q3) Suppose you can take one of two summer jobs.In the first job as a flight attendant,with a salary of $5,000,you estimate the probability you will die is 1 in 40,000.Alternatively,you could drive a truck transporting hazardous materials,which pays $12,000 and for which the probability of death is 1 in 10,000.Suppose that you're indifferent between the two jobs except for the pay and the chance of death.If you choose the job as a flight attendant,what does this say about the value you place on your life?
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Chapter 9: Political Economy
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36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The condition for equilibrium in the Lindahl model requires that:
A) only those with strong preferences participate in democratic elections.
B) each voter accepts an equal share of the overall tax burden.
C) each voter selects the same quantity at the announced set of prices.
D) each voter's marginal benefit function is the same.
Q2) Which of the following is TRUE of median voter outcomes?
A) They are socially efficient.
B) They are never socially efficient.
C) They do not reflect the intensity of voters' preferences.
D) They are the same outcomes that would prevail without government intervention.
Q3) Which of the following terms defines a preference aggregation mechanism that satisfies the properties of dominance,transitivity,and independence of irrelevant alternatives?
A) socially efficient
B) socially inefficient
C) inconsistent
D) consistent
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11
Chapter 10: State and Local Government Expenditures
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Optimal fiscal federalism is the question of:
A) which states perform efficiently and which do not.
B) how much interstate redistribution of wealth by the federal government is appropriate.
C) how much tax revenue should be collected by the federal government and allocated to the state governments.
D) which activities should take place at which level of government.
Q2) Which of the following is a conditional block grant?
A) $4 million to be spent on education
B) up to $4 million to be spent as the state sees fit
C) $4 million to the state government to be spent on any state program
D) a $1 increase in federal grant money for every $1 spent by the state
Q3) On the spending side,which is NOT a large element of federal spending:
A) health care.
B) education.
C) Social Security.
D) national defense.
Q4) Discuss the views of supporters and opponents regarding the No Child Left Behind (NCLB)legislation.What is the fundamental issue in the debate? How do these debates reshape the original legislation?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Education
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46 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A market with a natural cost advantage to having only one provider of a service is a:
A) black market.
B) free market.
C) natural monopoly.
D) natural monopsony.
Q2) If education serves to separate high-ability workers from low-ability workers,it _____ play a valuable social role,and the educational institutions that do this best should be _______.
A) does not; taxed
B) does not; subsidized
C) does; taxed
D) does; subsidized
Q3) One unintended consequence of giving public schools incentives for their students to do well on standardized tests is that it may lead to "teaching to the test" at the expense of teaching subjects that are not tested.If the standardized exams given by the state test reading comprehension and mathematics,would you expect these teaching distortions to be the same at the elementary and high school level? Explain.
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Chapter 12: Social Insurance- the New Function of Government
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42 Verified Questions
42 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Administrative costs for private insurance average about _____% of claims paid,while the administrative costs of Medicare average about _____ of claims paid.
A) 10%; 10%
B) 2%; 20%
C) 15%; 1.5%
D)1)%5; 15%
Q2) Individuals value insurance because they would ideally like to:
A) have more consumption when an adverse event like unemployment or illness befalls them.
B) have less consumption when an adverse event like unemployment or illness befalls them.
C) have the same consumption regardless of whether an adverse event like unemployment or illness befalls them.
D) not have an adverse event like unemployment or illness befall them.
Q3) Is moral hazard likely to be a bigger problem in the health insurance market or the life insurance market? Explain.
Q4) Optimal social insurance systems should partially but not completely insure individuals against adverse events.Explain.
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Chapter 13: Social Security
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43 Verified Questions
43 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be a benefit of privatizing Social Security?
A) Savings would be managed by federally paid financial planners,thus insulating individuals from excessively high management fees.
B) Individuals with varying degrees of risk aversion would have options regarding how they wanted to invest.
C) Administrative costs are lower with privatization than with the federal program.
D) Government would no longer need to be involved in any way.
Q2) If your average preretirement earnings were $30,000 per year,your highest preretirement earnings were $90,000 per year,and you receive $20,000 per year in retirement benefits,what is the replacement rate?
A) 16.67%
B) 22.22%
C) 33.33%
D) 66.67%
Q3) What would be the redistributive implications of fully privatizing Social Security? How does this compare with the current system?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how the benefits and costs of unemployment insurance are related to the duration of unemployment.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true with respect to the three-way comparison of unemployment insurance (UI),disability insurance (DI),and workers' compensation (WC)?
A) The replacement rate is the highest for WC because benefits are not taxable.
B) Benefits are indefinite for DI and WC,subject to medical verification.
C) Verification is the most difficult for WC.
D) The qualifying events for DI and WC are essentially the same.
Q3) Which of the following is consistent with a moral hazard effect stemming from disability insurance?
A) After the disability insurance program is started,labor force participation declines.
B) After the disability insurance program is started,labor force participation increases.
C) Disability applications rise during economic expansions.
D) A decrease in disability benefits causes the number of disability applications to increase.
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Chapter 15: Health Insurance I- Health Economics and
Private Health Insurance
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44 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) If there are moral hazards associated with health insurance,then why not eliminate health insurance entirely and have individuals pay the full cost of their health care?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true regarding health care in the United States?
A) Health care spending is much higher in the United States than in the typical industrialized nation.
B) Prescription drug spending accounts for almost half of health spending.
C) In 2010,approximately 16% of the population was uninsured.
D) The most important source of health insurance in the United States is private insurance.
Q3) If you have a health insurance policy with a $500 deductible,a $30 copayment for visits to the doctor (doctor's fee is $60/visit),and 5% coinsurance on covered expenses (excluding doctor's visits),how much of your health insurance expenses would the insurer pay if you went to the doctor twice and had a surgery that cost $1,500?
A) $635
B) $985
C) $610
D) $1,010
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Health Insurance Ii- Medicare, medicaid, and Health Care Reform
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes the prescription drug benefit that Medicare began offering in 2006?
A) The benefit to seniors increases steadily as annual prescription spending is increased. B) The benefit decreases steadily as annual prescription spending is increased.
C) The benefit to the 1% of seniors with the highest prescription drug costs is greater than the benefit to the 1% of seniors with the lowest prescription drug costs.
D) The benefit to the 1% of seniors with the highest prescription drug costs is less than the benefit to the 1% of seniors with the lowest prescription drug costs.
Q2) Institutional care is provided in __________ and accounts for __________ of long-term care costs.
A) the patient's home; 25%
B) the patient's home; 75%
C) nursing homes; 25%
D) nursing homes; 69%
Q3) Compare and contrast the differences between Medicaid and Medicare with respect to eligibility,premiums,deductibles,copayments,and services excluded from each program.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Income Distribution and Welfare Programs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The federal government restricts Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)to no longer than _____ year(s)and mandates that recipients start working after receiving at most ________ months of TANF benefits,although there are some loopholes in these requirements.
A) 3; 12
B) 3; 24
C) 5; 12
D) 5; 24
Q2) How much the poor have relative to some measure of a reasonable "minimally acceptable" income level can be best described as:
A) relative income inequality.
B) the iron triangle of welfare programs.
C) absolute deprivation.
D) allocative inefficiency.
Q3) Which welfare term describes welfare programs that deliver certain goods to recipients?
A) in-kind welfare
B) categorical welfare
C) means-tested welfare
D) cash welfare
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Chapter 18: Taxation- How It Works and What It Means
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48 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to a 2012 report on tax-paying couples,_____ of couples pay a marriage penalty,_____ of couples receive a marriage subsidy,and _____ of couples have neither a penalty nor a subsidy.
A) 48%; 15%; 38%
B) 38%; 15%; 48%
C) 48%; 38%; 15%
D) 15%; 38%; 48%
Q2) Suppose two people live in a society that has a 25% income tax.Both people have pretax income of $40,000.In period 1,there was no tax deduction; Lillian gave $6,000 to charity; and Susie gave $4,000 to charity.In period 2,the government makes charitable donations tax deductible,and Lillian gives $8,000.What is the amount Susie must give in period 2 so that the marginal impact of the tax break is equal to the inframarginal impact of the tax break?
A) $2,000
B) $4,500
C) $6,500
D) $7,000
Q3) What is the alternative minimum tax (AMT)? Why was it established? How will its application change over time,and why?
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Page 20
Chapter 19: The Equity Implications of Taxation- Tax
Incidence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tax incidence focuses on who:
A) has the most elastic demand.
B) has the most inelastic supply.
C) bears the economic burden of a tax.
D) bears the statutory or legal burden of a tax.
Q2) Suppose a tax is imposed on the producers of kitchen tables.Assume that demand for kitchen tables is perfectly elastic and that the supply is elastic,but not perfectly elastic.The tables are produced in a factory using capital equipment (e.g.,lathes)and labor.The demand for labor is perfectly elastic and the demand for capital equipment is inelastic in the short run.In the short run,partial equilibrium tax incidence analysis suggests that _____ bear the tax; general equilibrium tax incidence analysis suggests that _____ bear the tax.
A) consumers; table factories
B) table factories; table factories
C) consumers; capital owners
D) table factories; capital owners
Q3) Discuss how the sources of federal government revenue evolved in the past half-century.Do you think the change can be regarded as an equitable shift in the burden of taxation?
Q4) Why is general equilibrium analysis called a game of "follow the tax burden"?
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Chapter 21: Taxes on Labor Supply
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Sample Questions
Q1) The estimates of the effect of wages on labor supply,from the study of a negative income tax system run by President Lyndon B.Johnson's Office of Economic Opportunity between 1968 and 1976,is an example of what type of empirical analysis?
A) random experiment
B) cross-sectional regression
C) time series
D) quasi-experimental
Q2) The substitution effect of child care expenditures induces parents to _________; the income effect of child care expenditures induces parents to __________.
A) work more; work more
B) work more; work less
C) work less; work less
D) work less; work more
Q3) Empirical evidence suggests that the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC):
A) does not affect men's labor supply.
B) reduces the labor supply of married women.
C) has significantly increased hours of work for those in the labor force.
D) has not caused workers to enter the labor force.
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Chapter 22: Taxes on Savings
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement reflects a prediction of the precautionary saving model and the empirical evidence?
A) Empirical research suggests that expansions of social insurance programs cause savings to increase.
B) Empirical research suggests that expansions of social insurance programs cause savings to decrease.
C) The precautionary saving model predicts that an expansion of a social insurance program should cause savings to increase.
D) The prediction of the precautionary saving model is consistent with empirical evidence.
Q2) Suppose an Individual Retirement Account (IRA)has a contribution limit of $3,000 per year and that prior to the passage of the law establishing IRAs,Hamilton was not saving any of his income.After IRAs became available,Hamilton saved $2,000 per year.Which statement is TRUE?
A) The tax subsidy in the IRA had a marginal effect on Hamilton's saving.
B) The tax subsidy in the IRA had an inframarginal effect on Hamilton's saving.
C) The income effect exceeded the substitution effect.
D) The income and substitution effects cancelled each other out.
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Chapter 23: Taxes on Risk Taking and Wealth
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an individual purchases an asset and sells it before he dies,the capital gains tax burden is based on the:
A) sale price minus the basis.
B) sale price.
C) purchase price.
D) basis.
Q2) Which of the following assets could yield a capital gain?
A) a savings account
B) a bank certificate of deposit
C) a house
D) a checking account
Q3) Which statement about transfer taxes in the United States is TRUE?
A) The estate tax is not very progressive.
B) Gifts up to $100,000 per person per year are not taxed.
C) Gifts up to $14,000 per person per year are not taxed.
D) Estate taxes were abolished in 2010 and have not been reinstated.
Q4) Suppose you have a wealthy friend who is 60 years old and wants to know how to pass on her wealth to her children without paying more than necessary in taxes.What are some good strategies for minimizing her tax burden?
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Chapter 24: Taxation of Business Income
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose a corporation purchases an asset for $100,000.Under straight-line depreciation,the corporation would be allowed to depreciate the asset over 5 years.Under accelerated straight-line depreciation,it would be allowed to depreciate the asset over 2 years.Now assume that the discount rate is 10%.What would the present discounted value of the tax deduction be under straight-line depreciation?
A) $83,397.31
B) $90,909.09
C) $93,354.55
D) $100,000
Q2) Firms pay taxes on __________.An optimal tax on corporate profit would be levied on _________.
A) economic profits; dividends
B) economic profits; accounting profits
C) capital gains; economic profits
D) accounting profits; economic profits
Q3) Why don't companies finance all of their investment with debt and thereby avoid corporate taxation?
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Chapter 25: Fundamental Tax Reform and Consumption Tax
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under the current U.S.tax code,saving in the form of real estate is:
A) discouraged because of the high rate of taxation on capital gains in housing relative to the rate of taxation on other capital gains.
B) encouraged because of the low rate of taxation on capital gains in housing.
C) discouraged because of the high rate of taxation on all capital gains.
D) encouraged because of the high rate of taxation on capital gains in housing.
Q2) The share of total national tax revenue from consumption taxation averages approximately ________ in OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)nations.
A) 2%
B) 15%
C) 30%
D) 52%
Q3) Identify and describe two political reasons the tax code is so complicated.
Q4) Explain why a simpler tax system,such as Herman Cain's 9-9-9 Plan,has not received support from Democrats or Republicans.
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Page 26