Public Health Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Public Health is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on protecting and improving the health and well-being of populations through education, policy-making, research, and preventive strategies. This course covers the foundations of public health, including epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, health policy, and the social determinants of health. Students will explore methods for disease prevention, health promotion, and strategies to address health disparities within communities. Emphasis is placed on understanding public health systems, the roles of organizations at local, national, and global levels, and the importance of evidence-based interventions to promote health equity.
Recommended Textbook
Gordis Epidemiology 6th Edition by Celentano ScD MHS
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19 Chapters
150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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4 Verified Questions
4 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
A) Vaccination for rotavirus for children younger than the age of 1 year
B) Surgical amputation of an extremity with osteosarcoma (bone cancer)
C) Screening for gestational diabetes after 24 weeks of pregnancy
D) Sexual education program in elementary schools
E) Increasing taxes for buying cigarettes
Answer: B
Q2) Over the past century,a marked decline in the mortality rates of many infectious diseases has been observed.Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed decline in mortality rates from common infectious diseases?
A) Development of penicillin
B) Development of insulin
C) Development of vaccines
D) Improvement in social conditions
E) Worse sanitation and unsafe water
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
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Sample Questions
Q1) Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito bite.This mode of transmission is called
A) direct.
B) single exposure.
C) multiple exposure.
D) mosquitosis.
E) vector.
Answer: E
Q2) An outbreak of measles occurred in City A.There were 1,000 confirmed cases among children younger than 10 years old.Unfortunately,50 children died of measles.Fifty represent 5% of the total number of cases.What concept is being illustrated in this example?
A) Attack rate
B) Secondary attack rate
C) Case-fatality rate
D) Incubation period
E) Subclinical disease
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Occurrence of Disease: Idisease
Surveillance and Measures of Morbidity
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Sample Questions
Q1) An epidemiologist decides to investigate the incidence of diabetes in a population of 300 older adults who live in a nursing home.She visits the nursing home in January 1,2017 and later in December 31 of the same year.She looks into the records of these patients and learns that in her first visit,25 patients had diabetes and 35 in her second visit.What number should be in the numerator for her calculation of incidence?
A) 10
B) 25
C) 35
D) 300
E) 275
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: The Occurrence of Disease: II Mortality and
Other Measures of Disease Impact
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Sample Questions
Q1) City A suffered some political changes and was divided into two cities named Alpha and Beta.Five years after the division,mortality rates in both cities are compared.The all-cause mortality rate in City Alpha is much higher than the rate in Beta.When looking at the demographic characteristics in the cities,you notice that the age distribution is almost exactly the same in both cities.What do you expect to find when the age-adjusted mortality rates are calculated and compared?
A) City Alpha will have a much higher age-adjusted mortality rate than Beta.
B) City Beta will have a much higher age-adjusted mortality rate than Alpha.
C) The age-adjusted mortality rate will be much lower than the unadjusted rate in Alpha.
D) The age-adjusted mortality rate will be much lower than the unadjusted rate in Beta.
E) The answer cannot be determined without the actual numbers.
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Chapter 5: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two infectious disease epidemiologists want to investigate a new laboratory test that identifies tuberculosis (TB) infections.Dr.Merritt uses the standard test,which has a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 90%.Dr.Foundry uses the new laboratory test,which is 90% sensitive and 99% specific.In City A,it is known that 100 of 1,000 people have TB infections.What is the positive predictive value of the standard test in City A?
A) 10%
B) 47%
C) 53%
D) 80%
E) 90%
Q2) A diagnostic test with a very high sensitivity but very low specificity has the following problem:
A) It will miss a big proportion of true cases (label them as negatives).
B) It will correctly identify all negative cases.
C) It will label a big proportion of healthy people as sick (false-positives).
D) It will be very expensive to administer.
E) Specificity is the single most important characteristic of a test.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following illustrates a violation to one of the assumptions made when using the Kaplan-Meier method?
A) Some patients who dropped out of the study have a similar probability of survival as those who remained in it.
B) Patients present the outcome at different time intervals.
C) An event of interest different from death is studied.
D) There is a significant improvement in the treatment of the condition being studied in the middle of the duration of the study.
E) The median survival time is longer than the duration of the study.
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Chapter 7: Observational Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers wanted to provide additional support for a causal association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal cancers.They performed an epidemiologic study of 100 patients with newly diagnosed oropharyngeal cancer and 200 control patients without cancer to evaluate associations between HPV infection and oropharyngeal cancer.[D'souza G,Kreimer AR,Viscidi R,et al.A study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer.N Engl J Med.2007;356(19):1944-1956.] What kind of study design is this?
A) Retrospective cohort study
B) Prospective cohort study
C) Case-control study
D) Randomized trial
E) Case report
Q2) A researcher study of Baltimore's neighborhoods showed that those neighborhoods with lower median household income experienced a higher teen pregnancy rate.What type of study design was used?
A) Cohort
B) Case-control
C) Ecologic
D) Experimental
E) Randomized trial
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Chapter 8: Cohort Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main difference between a cohort study and a randomized trial is that
A) cohort studies are longitudinal and randomized trials are cross-sectional.
B) only clinical trials can evaluate the effect of a drug.
C) randomized trials are experimental and cohort studies are observational.
D) clinical trials are observational and cohort studies are experimental.
E) at the beginning of a clinical trial, participants are free of disease, and cohort studies start with patients with a disease.
Q2) Which of the following statements is the most accurate characteristic of the nested case-control study?
A) A control who is selected early in the study could later develop the disease but cannot be a case in the same study.
B) In nested case-control studies, controls are a sample of individuals who are at risk for the disease at the time each case of disease develops.
C) Controls are randomly chosen from the defined cohort with which the study began.
D) The problems of possible recall bias from conventional case-control studies still remains.
E) Nested case-control studies are often less economical to conduct.
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Page 10
Chapter 10: Assessing Preventive and Therapeutic
Measures: Randomized Trials
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Sample Questions
Q1) Participants in a clinical trial might report different symptoms when they know they are part of the intervention group instead of the control group.To avoid that,researchers use the following:
A) Confounding
B) Randomization
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Masking
E) Effect modifiers
Q2) In a clinical trial,researchers might influence the selection of participants into a group (intervention or control),hence introducing bias into the study.What can be done to prevent from this threat to the validity of the study?
A) Confounding
B) Randomization
C) Concealment of random allocation
D) Masking
E) Effect modifiers
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11
Chapter 11: Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the primary purpose of randomization?
A) To prevent bias in the assignment of treatment
B) To provide a probability basis for statistical testing
C) To ensure the same number of people are randomized to each group
D) To ensure that the subjects not to know which group they are assigned to
E) To guarantee the comparability of the different treatment groups
Q2) Epidemiologists decided to investigate the effect of sunscreens on sunburns.They ran an epidemiologic study to see the association of sunscreens and sunburns.Overall,460 people have enrolled in the study.Investigators randomly allocated 230 people to the treatment group (sunscreens) and 230 to the control group (placebo).They exposed those 460 people to the high mountain trail on a sunny day.At the end of the study,30 people developed sunburns in the sunscreen group and 130 people developed sunburns in the placebo group.What type of study design is this?
A) Cross-sectional study
B) Prospective cohort study
C) Case-control study
D) Randomized trial
E) Case-control study.
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Chapter 12: Estimating Risk: Is There an Association
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following table summarizes the findings of a cohort study.Participants were enrolled in January 1,2015,and followed up until December 31,2015.Researchers were interested in the effect of physical activity on cardiovascular disease. \[\begin{array} { |
l | c | c | c | }
\hline & \text { Cardiovascular events } & \text { No events } & \text { Total } \\
\hline \text { Physically active } & 28 & 1,972 & 2,000 \\
\hline \text { Inactive } & 75 & 2,925 & 3,000 \\
\hline
\end{array}\] Based on the previous information,calculate the incidence per 1,000 per year of cardiovascular events among those who were categorized as physically active.
A) 14/1,000 per year
B) 25/1,000 per year
C) 28/1,000 per year
D) 75/1,000 per year
E) 99/1,000 per year
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Page 13
Chapter 13: More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following is a measure of the strength of association,typically used in case-control studies to measure the association between exposure and disease:
A) Incidence rate
B) Population attributable fraction
C) Attributable fraction
D) Prevalence
E) Odds ratio
Q2) A politician asks an epidemiologist how many cases of coronary heart disease can be prevented if they manage to eliminate the exposure to smoking in city A.The epidemiologists explain that,if they eliminate smoking,they could prevent 22% cases of coronary heart disease.What measure of association was used to answer this question?
A) Population attributable risk
B) Odds ratio
C) Relative risk
D) Incidence rate
E) Risk ratio
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14
Chapter
Epidemiologic Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Temporal relationship is a necessary criterion to establish causality.Which of the following epidemiologic study design allows to evaluate temporal relationship?
A) Cross-sectional
B) Case-control
C) Transversal
D) Cohort
E) Literature review
Q2) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are known to be a cause of cervical cancer.In most cases,HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health problems.However,the worldwide HPV prevalence in cervical carcinomas is 99.7%.This indicates that HPV-negative carcinoma is extremely uncommon.In this case,HPV is which of the following?
A) A necessary and sufficient cause
B) A necessary but not sufficient cause
C) A sufficient but not necessary cause
D) Neither necessary nor sufficient
E) None of the above
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a case-control study,a researcher found no association between exposure to A and disease B.Later she found out that there was a misclassification when measuring exposure to A,in both cases and controls.What is a potential explanation for the results (no association) of this case-control study?
A) Nondifferential misclassification
B) Differential misclassification
C) Selection bias
D) Confounding
E) Effect-modification
Q2) Smoking participants of a cohort study are more likely to drop out.It is known that the effect of asbestos on getting cancer is much stronger among smokers.When analyzing data for this study,researchers find no association between asbestos and cancer.A potential explanation for the results of the study is
A) confounding.
B) effect modification.
C) selection bias.
D) information bias.
E) specificity of association.
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Chapter 16: Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental
Factors in Disease Causation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A total of 1,500 pairs of adult twins,600 monozygotic and 900 dizygotic,were studied to estimate the concordance for a childhood cancer.In the 600 monozygotic twins,40 of the pairs were concordant for the disease,60 of the pairs were discordant for the disease,and neither twin had the disease in the remaining 500 pairs.In the 900 dizygotic twins,30 of the pairs were concordant for the disease,120 of the pairs were discordant for the disease,and neither twin had the disease in the remaining 750 pairs.What is the concordant rate,in monozygotic twins,of the disease in twin pairs with at least one affected member?
A) 0.1
B) 0.4
C) 0.6
D) 0.7
E) 1.5
Q2) The following suggests environmental factors causing a disease:
A) Monozygotic twins getting the same disease
B) Family history of disease
C) Early development
D) A rapid change in the trends of disease over time
E) Biologic brothers adopted by different families getting the same disease
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Chapter 17: Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services
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Sample Questions
Q1) The government of Country A decided to introduce a new treatment strategy for disease X.It was decided that,starting in January 1,2019,all patients diagnosed with disease X in public hospitals would receive the new treatment.Researchers were asked to evaluate the new treatment.Which of the following designs is the best approach to evaluate the new treatment?
A) Randomized clinical trial
B) Case-control study
C) Cross-sectional survey
D) Before-after study
E) Case-series
Q2) According to the healthy people 2020,the following is an indicator of access to health services:
A) Persons with a usual primary care provider
B) Persons with a diagnosed diabetes whose A1c is greater than 9%
C) Adolescents with a major depressive episode in the past 12 months
D) Knowledge of serostatus among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive persons
E) Adult cigarette smoking
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Chapter 18: Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs
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Q1) In the model of the Natural History of Disease,the period of time between the onset of signs and symptoms of disease and its ultimate outcome (cure,control,or death) is known as
A) preclinical phase.
B) clinical phase.
C) clinical horizon.
D) incubation period.
E) latent period.
Q2) In the model of the Natural History of Disease,when is the ideal time to do screening for a disease?
A) Preclinical phase
B) Clinical phase
C) Clinical horizon
D) Before disease starts
E) Latent period
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Chapter 19: Epidemiology and Public Policy
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Q1) Which of the following statements is not an accurate description of epidemiology in health policy?
A) A major role of epidemiology is a basis for developing policies that may affect human health.
B) One of the roles of epidemiology in public health policy is for risk assessment.
C) Some researchers use systematic review or meta-analysis to synthesize the literature regarding a specific health topic.
D) Epidemiology is the only relevant scientific discipline in the process of risk assessment.
E) Journals that may not want to publish the studies report no association will increase the publication bias.
Q2) What is the name of the chart that is typically used to depict the results of a meta-analysis?
A) Forest plot
B) Pie chart
C) Box plot
D) Manhattan plot
E) Bar chart
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Chapter 20: Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
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Q1) One difference between epidemiology and other scientific disciplines,regarding the impact of their findings,is that
A) epidemiologic findings are not prone to falsification.
B) epidemiology is the only science that deals with humans.
C) epidemiologic findings have immediate policy implications for clinical practice and public health.
D) epidemiologic findings are not prone to misinterpretations.
E) epidemiologic findings are the easiest to understand.
Q2) To abide with the ethical principle of autonomy,epidemiologic research requires A) epidemiologists to provide financial incentives.
B) to obtain participant's consent before collecting any information.
C) to investigate only participants who are in excellent health.
D) share participant's information with any institution.
E) that only one researcher is able to access the data collected.
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