Psychophysiology Question
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Course Introduction
Psychophysiology is the scientific study of the relationship between psychological processes and physiological responses in the human body. This course explores how cognitive, emotional, and behavioral activities are connected to neural, cardiovascular, respiratory, and other bodily systems. Topics include basic neuroanatomy, neurophysiological measurement techniques (such as EEG, EMG, and ECG), the biological basis of emotion and stress, psychophysiological research methods, and practical applications in fields such as mental health, biofeedback, and human performance. Through a combination of lectures, readings, and laboratory experiences, students gain an understanding of how mind and body interact in both health and disease.
Recommended Textbook
Biological Psychology 13th Edition by James W. Kalat
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1750 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jena is reviewing her notes on action potentials for a quiz. She makes an extra notation that before the action potential when the neuron is at rest, sodium channels
A) are open and allow sodium ions to flow through easily
B) are closed and don't allow sodium to pass through.
C) are partially open, so sodium leaks through slowly
D) are partially open but at equilibrium, so the sodium doesn't move
Answer: B
Q2) As a general rule, axons convey information ____.
A) toward dendrites of their own cell
B) toward their own cell body
C) away from their own cell body
D) to surrounding glia
Answer: C
Q3) At the peak of the action potential, the electrical gradient of potassium ____.
A) is the same as during the resting potential
B) pulls sodium into the cell
C) pushes potassium out of the cell
D) pulls potassium into the cell
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Synapses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neuron that receives the message is called the ______ neuron.
A) postsynaptic
B) presynaptic
C) polarized
D) reflexive
Answer: A
Q2) What is the synaptic cleft?
A) The gap between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron
B) A packet that stores neurotransmitter molecules for release
C) A subthreshold depolarization mechanism
D) The long-term storage location for calcium ions
Answer: A
Q3) Riva is unable to eat eggs, milk, and peanuts. She might have altered levels of _____ as a result.
A) nitric oxide
B) dopamine
C) glutamate
D) acetylcholine
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Anatomy and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?
A) All cortical areas contain six layers.
B) Odd numbered laminae contain only neurons; even numbered laminae contain only glia.
C) The laminae vary in thickness in different areas.
D) Each layer corresponds to a different sensory modality.
Answer: C
Q2) Suppose you are interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing. Which method would be the best choice?
A) CAT
B) fMRI
C) PET
D) rCBF
Answer: A
Q3) Although relatively small, the hypothalamus is very important for a large range of motivated behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Genetics, Evolution, Development, and Plasticity
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Sample Questions
Q1) After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ____ begin to form.
A) dendrites
B) axons
C) nuclei
D) ganglions
Q2) Recent evidence suggests that adult vertebrate brains generate new neurons.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the relationship between heredity and environment.
Q4) ____ cells proliferate after a stroke.
A) Penumbra
B) Microglia
C) Ischemia
D) Cancer
Q5) A mother is homozygous for tasting PTC. The father is a homozygous non-taster. What is the chance that they will have a child that is a non-taster? Explain how you arrived at your answer.
Q6) Describe Lamarckian evolution and the evidence for or against it.
Q7) How is brain development related to adolescent impulsivity?
Q8) Discuss three evidences that can explain altruistic behavior.
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Chapter 5: Vision
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Q1) V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.
A) the letter T
B) a circle
C) repeating stripes on a flag
D) a single bar of light
Q2) Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.
A) rods and cones; ganglion cells
B) rods and cones; bipolar cells
C) bipolar cells; ganglion cells
D) cones; rods
Q3) Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis?
A) Simple
B) Complex
C) Lateral geniculate
D) Ganglion
Q4) Describe the difference between parvocellular and magnocellular neurons and pathways.
Q5) Describe the trichromatic, opponent-process, and retinex theories of color vision.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Other Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between middle-ear and inner-ear deafness.
Q2) Nicola has an area on her arm that itches. That area itches because of _____.
A) bad circulation
B) baby powder
C) histamine release
D) substance P release
Q3) The taste nerves initially project to the ____.
A) nucleus of the tractus solitarius
B) cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) orbital prefrontal cortex
Q4) The fact that the refractory period limits the firing rate of a neuron is problematic for which of the following?
A) Frequency theory only
B) Place theory only
C) Volley theory only
D) Both the frequency theory and the place theory
Q5) Phase differences are useful for detecting localization of low frequency sounds.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Movement
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Q1) Watching another person shoot a basketball is most likely to activate ____ neurons in the brain of the person who is watching.
A) primary motor cortex
B) spinal cord
C) mirror
D) observational
Q2) In Parkinson's disease, which pathway in the brain degenerates?
A) Basal ganglia to cerebellum
B) Substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen
C) Cerebellum to spinal cord
D) Cerebral cortex to spinal cord
Q3) The nuclei of the cerebellum (as opposed to the cerebellar cortex) are most important in ____.
A) moving a finger rapidly toward a target
B) holding a finger in a steady position
C) using the hands to lift heavy weights
D) coordinating the left hand with the right hand
Q4) Activation of the Golgi tendon organs results in contraction of the muscle.
A)True
B)False
9
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Chapter 8: Wakefulness and Sleep
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Q1) What is a typical characteristic of insomnia?
A) Consistently feeling sleepy during the day
B) Consistently getting less than 6 hours of sleep per night
C) Spending at least 50 percent less REM sleep than normal
D) Spending more time in NREM sleep than in REM sleep
Q2) According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
A) The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
B) Unconscious motivations and emotions
C) Experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history
D) An imbalance among hormone levels
Q3) Slow-wave sleep is comprised of ____.
A) alpha wave sleep
B) stages 1 and 2
C) stages 3 and 4
D) REM sleep
Q4) In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____.
A) are less likely to include striking visual imagery
B) are more likely to include complicated plots
C) do not contain violence
D) are almost always less than five minutes
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Internal Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term ____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.
A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) homeothermic
D) thermostasis
Q2) Allyn suffers from anorexia. After she eats, she purges her food by forcing herself to vomit.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What evidence exists that the preoptic area controls body temperature?
A) After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver.
B) Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active.
C) Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture.
D) Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.
Q4) Rima has syndromal obesity whereas Ezra has monogenic obesity. What is the difference for these two individuals?
Q5) Describe how bulimia nervosa resembles drug addiction.
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Chapter 10: Reproductive Behaviors
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Q1) Which characteristic tends to be more important for women than men in choosing a mate?
A) Health
B) Earning potential
C) Physical attractiveness
D) Intelligence
Q2) If Wilber was going to choose his female mate strictly by evolutionary findings, he would use ____ as the most important criteria.
A) compatible genes
B) likelihood of being a good provider
C) youthfulness
D) intelligence
Q3) There are obvious differences in external anatomy of homosexual humans compared to heterosexual humans.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is a sensitive period? Give an example.
Q5) Hormones are capable of inducing long-lasting changes throughout the body.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Emotional Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe how benzodiazepines work in the brain.
Q2) Dwayne sometimes experiences periods of stress. As a result, the stress ______.
A) is harmful to his amygdala
B) boosts the activity of his immune system
C) prevents his immune system from working
D) results in an overactive parasympathetic system
Q3) In people suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, the startle response is ____.
A) generally absent
B) generally weaker than in other people
C) the same as in other people
D) generally stronger than in other people
Q4) Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with ____.
A) decreased emotional experiences
B) fear, but not other emotions
C) behavioral activation
D) behavioral inhibition
Q5) Briefly describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion.
Q6) Briefly describe the role of the HPA axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the stress response.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Intelligence
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Q1) There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.
A) short-term
B) implicit
C) spatial
D) auditory
Q2) Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory.
A) dementia
B) amnesia
C) epilepsy
D) stroke
Q3) Professor Bresler tells her class that the most plausible explanation for infant amnesia is that ______
A) the rapid learning in early childhood displaces memories formed in infancy.
B) the rapid learning in early childhood inhibits LTP and causes amnesia to occur.
C) most people have a larger accumulation of tau tangles when they are born than when they grow up.
D) most people have thiamine deficiency as children.
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Chapter 13: Cognitive Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kevin is sensitive to how others around him are feeling and tries to identify with their needs. He has high levels of _____.
A) empathy
B) social consciousness
C) altruism
D) anomia
Q2) Several months after split-brain surgery, the number of incidents of conflicts between the two hemispheres diminishes because ____.
A) portions of the corpus callosum grow back
B) the right hemisphere begins to control all body muscles
C) the hemispheres learn ways of cooperating with each other
D) the cerebellum assumes the former functions of the corpus callosum
Q3) Wilma had a loss of consciousness. When she first started to recover, she experienced _____.
A) increased connectivity between subcortical and cortical areas
B) increased activity in the cortex
C) increased connectivity between the thalamus and hypothalamus
D) increased connectivity between the thalamus and basal ganglia
Q4) What is Broca's apahsia and which areas of the brain does it affect?
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where is seasonal affective disorder most common?
A) In large cities
B) In small towns and rural areas
C) In tropical areas
D) Near the poles
Q2) Physicians must carefully monitor the dose of lithium they give to bipolar patients because ____.
A) people develop a tolerance to the drug and must gradually increase their dosage
B) people develop a sensitivity to the drug and must gradually decrease their dosage
C) the amount of drug needed to achieve a good effect varies from one time of year to another
D) the most beneficial dosage is just less than the dosage that is toxic
Q3) When an adopted child develops schizophrenia, the disease is significantly more probable among the ____.
A) adopting relatives than the biological relatives
B) biological relatives than the adopting relatives
C) siblings than the parents
D) fathers than the mothers
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