Course Introduction
Psychopathology
Textbook Exam Questions
Psychopathology examines the scientific study of mental disorders, exploring their symptoms, causes, development, and classification. This course covers major psychological disorders such as mood, anxiety, psychotic, and personality disorders through the lens of current diagnostic systems like the DSM. Students will analyze theories of abnormal behavior, biological and environmental risk factors, assessment techniques, and approaches to treatment. The course also addresses the cultural and ethical considerations involved in diagnosing and intervening in mental health conditions, providing a comprehensive foundation for further study or clinical practice in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Clinical Psychology 4th Edition by John Hunsley
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) In the 1960s and 1970s,there was a marked ______ in the number of psychotherapies available,and an_______ in research concerning psychotherapy.
A) decrease; decrease
B) decrease; increase
C) increase; increase
D) increase; decrease
Answer: C
Q2) The World Health Organization (WHO)estimates that the accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders worldwide occurs for _________ of people who suffer from mental disorders.
A) only a small percentage B) a large percentage C) approximately half
D) the majority of individuals
Answer: A
Q3) Describe the biopsychosocial approach.
Answer: Suggested answer:
a)In order to understand mental and physical disorders,biological,psychological,and social influences on health and illness must be considered
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Chapter 2: Contemporary Clinical Psychology
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Q1) In most European countries,to become a clinical psychologist,licensure requirements stipulate that the candidate
A) must have received at least a Master's Degree.
B) must have received a Ph.D.
C) must have received a Ph.D. and have completed at least two years of post-doctoral experience.
D) must have practiced for at least 5 years after receiving the graduate degree.
Answer: A
Q2) A needs assessment functions to
A) determine the extent of training required for new employee psychologists.
B) determine the extent of an unmet health care need in an identified population.
C) determine whether programs have successfully achieved their goals.
D) to assess the extent to which the program was carried out as intended.
Answer: B
Q3) What was the accreditation process designed to accomplish?
Answer: Suggested answer:
a.To ensure that training programs in clinical psychology maintained standards that met the profession's expectations regarding the education of clinical psychologists.
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Chapter 3: Classification and Diagnosis
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Q1) Wakefield (1992)described ____________ as the behaviours associated with a mental disorder that are problematic,and that these problematic behaviours are damaging to the individual or to those around him or her.
A) harmful behaviour.
B) harmful dysfunction.
C) dysfunctional behaviour.
D) dysfunctional control.
Answer: B
Q2) A prototype model implies that
A) not all people receiving the same diagnosis have exactly the same set of symptoms.
B) all people receiving the same diagnosis have the exact same set of symptoms.
C) people with the same diagnosis, but a different set of symptoms, require the same treatment for their diagnosis.
D) members of the same diagnostic category resemble each other in level of impairment and in prognosis.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) In the quest for knowledge,the welfare of research participants can be compromised A) when the potential for benefit outweighs the potential for harm. B) when the research participant gives informed consent. C) when the potential knowledge gained from the study can save the lives of others. D) under no circumstances.
Q2) Clinical significance refers to whether A) the intervention has made a meaningful impact on treated participants. B) there is a statistically significant difference between treated and untreated participants.
C) the study used participants who were diagnosed by a healthcare professional. D) improvement was rated by a trained clinician.
Q3) _____________ refers to the extent to which the interpretations drawn from the results of a study can be justified and alternative interpretations can be reasonably ruled out.
A) External validity
B) Internal validity
C) Statistical conclusion validity
D) Internal reliability
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Chapter 5: Assessment: Overview
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Q1) In what way(s)can treatment outcome data can be used?
A) To help estimate the benefits, duration, and cost of treatment.
B) As an indicator of how well an entire system of care is functioning.
C) To document the typical range of outcomes experienced by clients as a means of comparison between clients.
D) All of the above.
Q2) A useful treatment plan must cover the general areas of
A) problem identification and treatment evaluation.
B) problem identification, treatment goals, and treatment strategies/tactics.
C) treatment goals, treatment evaluation, and treatment strategies/tactics.
D) treatment goals, treatment strategies/tactics, and treatment evaluation.
Q3) Why do psychologists use screening measures?Why do psychologists use screening measures
Q4) What term is more commonly used today,replacing the term psychodiagnosis?
A) Screening.
B) Case formulation.
C) Patient conceptualization.
D) Clinical presentation.
Q5) Provide an example of a specific assessment-focused service.What is the goal of the service?
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Chapter 6: Assessment: Interviewing and Observation
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Q1) The SCID-5 Clinical Version begins with
A) the evaluation of personality disorders.
B) closed questions discussing demographic information.
C) open-ended questions discussing demographic information.
D) discussing mental health problems associated with less stigma.
Q2) The strength of the SCID-5 lies in _____________; its weakness is ______________.
A) the breadth of the disorders it covers; the variable reliabilities that are obtained for different disorders
B) strong validity data; the variable reliabilities that are obtained for different disorders
C) strong validity data; the breadth of the disorders it covers
D) the short time it takes to complete; the variable reliabilities that are obtained for different disorders
Q3) Treatment goals should:
A) be important to the client.
B) be phrased in terms of feelings, thoughts and behaviours to be reduced.
C) be substantial and long-term.
D) be expressed in vague terms so that they can easily be adapted.
Q4) List two potential considerations when interviewing children and/or adolescents.
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Chapter 7: Assessment: Intellectual and Cognitive Measures
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Q1) List two limitations of the Wechsler scales.
Q2) __________ memory involves general knowledge of words,concepts,and events,whereas ___________ memory deals with the person's direct experiences.
A) Semantic ; episodic
B) Episodic ; semantic
C) Semantic ; working
D) Episodic ; declarative
Q3) Fluid intelligence refers to
A) reasoning ability and the capacity to draw upon prior experiences.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) innate intellectual potential.
D) what has been learned from formal education.
Q4) What best defines fluid intelligence?
A) What we have learned in life, both in formal education and general life experiences.
B) The ability to solve novel problems without drawing on previous experiences or formal learning.
C) Primary mental abilities such as comprehension.
D) Primary mental abilities such as working memory.
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Chapter 8: Assessment: Self-Report and Projective Measures
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Q1) The NEO Personality Inventory-3 is based on what model of personality?
A) Cognitive-social
B) Five-factor
C) Personality type categories
D) Triarchic theory of personality
Q2) The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV has the following limitation to its validity:
A) the normative sample was smaller than usual.
B) partly due to item overlap, the scale has a tendency to overpathologize individuals. C) there is insufficient item overlap between scales to account for symptoms that appear in more than one disorder.
D) partly due to item overlap, the scale has a tendency to underestimate rates of pathology.
Q3) The most commonly used measure of normal personality is:
A) The NEO Personality Inventory-3
B) The California Psychological Inventory
C) Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory
D) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Q4) Name two benefits of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI).
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Assessment Integration and Clinical Decision-Making
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Q1) What is a heuristic? How can a heuristic facilitate bias?
Q2) Belief in the law of small numbers is a common decision-making bias that occurs when a psychologist trusts
A)the results of a large research sample over a small sample.
B)information obtained from a small sample of patients over larger research samples.
C)information from colleagues over research results.
D)the results of a small research sample as long as several studies have been conducted.
Q3) In preparing a treatment plan,a psychologist must consider the A)reason for referral and problem identification.
B)aims and goals of treatment.
C)strategies for the planned treatment.
D)all of the above.
Q4) What is a case formulation? Describe two benefits of having a case formulation.
Q5) What are the steps that psychologists can follow in developing a case formulation?
Q6) List some of the components expert case formulations tend to focus on (Eells et al,2011).
Q7) What is a self-serving attributional bias?
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Chapter 10: Prevention
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Q1) The long-term effects of home-visiting programs,where nurses visit at-risk parents,include
A)improving parental care.
B)reducing child abuse and neglect.
C)reducing the number of arrests of the children when they reached adolescence.
D)all of the above.
Q2) Because children living in poverty are challenged across numerous life areas,prevention efforts must
A)disentangle the effects of each life area's stressful events and treat each area of stress individually.
B)take into account the effects of a pile-up of stressors.
C)prioritize teaching skills to cope with the most chronic of the stressors.
D)focus on the most currently severe area of stress.
Q3) The first level in the Triple P Parenting program suite of programs is a universal prevention program that provides parents with
A)individualized services by phone or face to face to address specific concerns.
B)evidence-based information about parenting strategies.
C)a group program to parents of children with mild to moderate problems.
D)a group program to parents of children with more severe problems.
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Chapter 11: Intervention: Overview
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Q1) Lilienfeld (2007)described the growing research base of psychological treatments that can cause harm.Two examples of this are:
A)cognitive-behavioural therapy and "Scared Straight" programs.
B)"Scared Straight" programs and rebirthing therapy.
C)rebirthing therapy and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
D)short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
Q2) In discussing treatment the psychologist should explain:
A)his/her preferred method of treatment.
B)evidence-based treatments s/he is competent to provide.
C)the major evidence-based treatments for the client's problem.
D)treatments s/he has found helpful in treating people with similar problems.
Q3) Psychotherapy is practised by
A)psychologists.
B)nurses.
C)social workers.
D)all of the above.
Q4) List two reasons why research indicates that fewer clients receiving psychological services in routine practice experience improvement compared with clients receiving services in randomized controlled trials.
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Chapter 12: Intervention: Adults and Couples
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Q1) The rapid introduction of new evidence-based psychological treatments is hindered by
A)the inability to patent psychological treatments.
B)training requirements for psychological treatments.
C)ethical codes and professional guidelines usually prohibiting advertising psychological treatments to the public.
D)all of the above.
Q2) Meta analysis is a method for
A)qualitatively reviewing research studies.
B)quantitatively reviewing research studies.
C)critiquing research studies.
D)analyzing patients in the psychoanalytic tradition.
Q3) In order to integrate the results from multiple studies meta-analyses involve the calculation of:
A)standard differences.
B)levels of significance.
C)effect sizes.
D)the influence of outliers.
Q4) In reference to psychotherapy research,what is an open trial?
Q5) Define benchmarking strategy.What is the main goal of this strategy?
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Chapter 13: Intervention: Children and Adolescents
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Q1) Multisystemic Therapy (MST)is an approach to treat delinquent adolescents by
A)combining CBT and family therapy.
B)challenging youth about the long term effects of their behaviour.
C)intervening in an integrated way in the multiple systems in which youth are involved.
D)demanding as much effort from youth as from parents.
Q2) When a child does not have access to reinforcers for a brief time following misbehaviour,this period is referred to as
A)time penalty.
B)quiet time.
C)time out.
D)negative reinforcement.
Q3) Weisz et al.(1995)conducted the fourth major meta-analysis of the effects of child therapy and introduced a statistical technique known as the A)effect size.
B)standard deviation method.
C)weighted least squares method.
D)deviation from the norm.
Q4) What is a coercive exchange?
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Chapter 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change
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Q1) How does psychological reactance influence the effectiveness of therapeutic directiveness?
Q2) Which of the following therapeutic elements would be considered a common factor to several psychotherapeutic approaches?
A)Therapist disclosure.
B)Therapeutic alliance.
C)Corrective emotional experience.
D)Homework.
Q3) One of the difficulties in identifying how client variables influence treatment outcome is that
A)most psychologists believe diagnosis determines treatment outcomes.
B)very few empirical studies have examined this issue.
C)psychologists are much more interested in comparing groups rather than in comparing individuals.
D)it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.
Q4) What differentiates process research from process-outcome research?
Q5) Define "common factors" in psychotherapy:
Page 16
Q6) Describe Jerome Frank's (1973,1982)model to explain all treatment effects.
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Chapter 15: Health Psychology, Clinical Neuropsychology, and Forensic Psychology
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Q1) The PCL-R A)measures psychopathy.
B)is considered to be the single best predictor of violent behaviour.
C)is considered to be useful in diverse cultural contexts. D)all of the above.
Q2) A meta-analysis of 16 studies conducted by Guàrdia-Olmos,Per -Cebellero,& Gudayol-Ferré (2015)found that rehabilitation produced ________________improvement in quality of life are methodologically sound. A)a permanent. B)a long-term.
C)at least a temporary D)at least a complete
Q3) The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised is ___________ assessing risk of violence. A)as effective as projective measures in B)one of many effective tools for C)the most highly recommended tool for D)the least highly recommended tool for
Q4) Are cognitive-behavioural interventions for reducing symptoms in those suffering from insomnia effective? Further,how does CBT compare to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of insomnia?
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