Psychology Statistics
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Psychology Statistics provides students with a foundational understanding of statistical concepts and techniques essential for analyzing data in psychological research. The course covers topics such as descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and nonparametric methods, all contextualized for psychological inquiry. Students will learn how to select appropriate statistical tests, interpret data outputs, and critically evaluate statistical findings in published research. Emphasis is placed on practical application using statistical software to analyze psychological data, helping students develop the skills needed to conduct and assess empirical studies within the field of psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics Excel 2010 Edition 3rd Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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532 Verified Questions
532 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics? Its Up to You
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When might a person use descriptive statistics?
Answer: Descriptive statistics are used to describe the characteristics of a data set.
Q2) According to the text, statistical procedures were first developed in what field of study?
Answer: Statistical procedures were first developed in the fields of agriculture, astronomy, and politics.
Q3) Which of the following would be used to describe the type of statistical methods used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data?
A) Inferential statistics
B) Descriptive statistics
C) Sampling methods
D) Population methods
Answer: B
Q4) When might a person use inferential statistics?
Answer: Inferential statistics are used when you want to make an inference about the population based on a sample.
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Q1) When using the AVERAGE function in Excel, which of these are you calculating?
A) sum
B) mean
C) mode
D) median
Answer: B
Q2) If you wanted to identify the most frequently occurring score in a distribution, which measure of central tendency would you report?
A) average
B) mean
C) mode
D) median
Answer: C
Q3) Calculate the median for the following data set: 5, 15, 10, 15, 5, 10, 10, 20, 25, 15
Answer: The median is 12.5
Q4) What are the measures of central tendency discussed in the textbook?
Answer: Mean, median, mode
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the formula for the exclusive range?
A) r - n +1
B) h - l + 1
C) (h - l)r
D) h - l
Answer: D
Q2) In the formula for computing the variance, what does the letter "n" represent?
A) summation
B) sample size
C) mean value of the group
D) individual scores
Answer: B
Q3) What is the formula for the standard deviation?
Answer: \(s = \sqrt { \frac { \sum ( X - \bar { X } ) ^ { 2 } } { n - 1 } }\)
Q4) Write out the two Excel formulas for computing the standard deviation and the variance.
Answer: VAR(A1:A12) STDEV(A1:A10)
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a distribution of 100 scores and you want 20 intervals, what should be the size of your class interval?
Q2) When the left tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the right, what is this called?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q3) When the right tail of a distribution's curve is longer than the left, what is this called?
A) Platykurtic
B) Leptokurtic
C) Positive skew
D) Negative skew
Q4) What is the most basic method of illustrating data?
A) Frequency distribution
B) Pie chart
C) Line graph
D) Polygon
Q5) List the 10 ways to create great figures outlined in the text.
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .81, what is the coefficient of alienation?
A) .19
B) .34
C) .66
D) .90
Q2) Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a very strong relationship?
A) .80
B) .70
C) .60
D) .50
Q3) What does a correlation coefficient represent?
Q4) If you wanted to compute the correlation between two nominal-level variables, which type of correlation should you use?
A) Point biserial
B) Phi
C) Spearman rank
D) Pearson
Q5) Write the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
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Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Q1) How does interrater reliability measure consistency?
A) Over time
B) From form to form
C) Across different tests
D) From rater to rater
Q2) What are the traditional types of validity evidence?
Q3) Test-retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
A) Measure of consistency
B) Measure of stability
C) Measure of agreement
D) Measure of equivalence
Q4) High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of what type of validity?
A) Concurrent validity
B) Predictive validity
C) Content validity
D) Construct validity
Q5) What are the scales of measurement?
Q6) What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Q7) Name four types of reliability and what each type measures. Page 8
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following symbols represents the average score of Group 1?
A) \(H _ { 1 }\)
B) \(\mu 1\)
C) \(\bar { X } 1\)
D) \(H _ { 0 }\)
Q2) What does "generalizability" mean?
A) Results may be applied to the populations studied
B) Results may apply only to the sample studied
C) Sampling error is high
D) Sample does not represent the population
Q3) What is a hypothesis?
Q4) The group from which you actually collect data for your study is known as the __________.
A) sample
B) population
C) sampling error
D) general group
Q5) When might you use a one-tailed test, and when would you want to use a two-tailed test?
Q6) What are the different types of research hypotheses? What are they testing?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal? Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a z score of 1.65 included 45% of the area under the normal curve from the mean, what percent remains above 1.65 on the x-axis?
A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 85%
D) 95%
Q2) In a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?
A) 16%
B) 34%
C) 50%
D) 84%
Q3) When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?
A) Sample is normally distributed
B) Sample is large
C) Population is normally distributed
D) Population is large
Q4) What are the characteristics associated with the normal curve?
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between the obtained value and the critical value?
Q2) Which of the following occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when it is really true?
A) Type I error
B) Correct decision
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q3) The degree of risk you are willing to take that you will reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true is known as a:
A) Significance level
B) Type III error
C) Type II error
D) Power
Q4) When reporting statistical significance, how is this usually represented?
A) p = .05
B) p > .05
C) p < .05
D) p = .01
Q5) What are the Greek letters associated with Type I and Type II error?
Q6) List the steps to take when applying a statistical test to the null hypothesis. Page 12
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Chapter 10: Only the Lonely
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Sample Questions
Q1) If n > 30, what should the distribution be?
Q2) The symbol \(\bar { X }\) in the Z Test equation is defined as?
A) The range of data
B) The standard error
C) The mean of the sample
D) The standard deviation
Q3) In Excel, what are the three components of the ZTEST function?
A) \(\text { a. Array, } \mu _ { 0 } , \text { sigma }\)
B) Array, Xbar, sigma
C) Array, n, sigma
D) Array, SEM, sigma
Q4) Given the symmetry of the normal distribution, if AVERAGE(array)µ , then the ZTEST will return a value greater than?
A) 0.10
B) .001
C) 0.5
D) 0.05
Q5) A test is conducted for H?: ? = 20, with ? = 4. A sample of size 36 has \(\bar { X }\) = 21.4. Calculate the Z Test.
Q6) What can be said about data points and Z Tests?
Page 14
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Chapter 11: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does P(T<=t) two-tail represent?
Q2) In order to compute the test statistic or t value, you must first approximate the sample size through calculating which of the following?
A) Pooled variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Degrees of freedom
D) Mean score
Q3) Which of the following represents degrees of freedom?
A) fd
B) df
C) d
D) f
Q4) In order to be 99% confident you have not committed a Type I error, at what level should you set your p value?
A) .01
B) .10
C) .05
D) .15
Q5) What does t stat represent?
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Chapter 12: t(ea) for Two (Again): Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many subjects were examined based on the following: t<sub>(29)</sub> = 2.001, p < .05?
A) 29
B) 30
C) 31
D) 32
Q2) What Excel function requires that you enter the t value, degrees of freedom, and the number of tails?
A) TTEST
B) TEST2
C) TDIST
D) TDIST2
Q3) Which of the following represents degrees of freedom?
A) fd
B) df
C) d
D) f
Q4) What does t stat represent?
Page 16
Q5) What is another term that statisticians use when talking of dependent tests? Explain.
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many? Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) When is analysis of variance the appropriate statistical procedure to use?
Q2) What is the MS between value?
Q3) How are the F statistic and t statistic related?
Q4) When interpreting F??, ??? = 8.80, p < .05, what is the between-groups df?
A) 30
B) 27
C) 3
D) 2
Q5) If you wanted to examine whether the level of parental involvement differs based on students' grade in school (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), what is the dependent variable of interest?
A) Grade level
B) Students
C) Parents
D) Level of parent involvement
Q6) When interpreting F??, ??? = 8.80, p < .05, how many groups were examined?
A) 30
B) 27
C) 3
D) 2
Page 17
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of Variance
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Q1) What type of design includes an ANOVA where one factor is repeated and the other is not?
A) Repeated design
B) Between-group design
C) Mixed design
D) One-way ANOVA
Q2) When should factorial ANOVA be used in place of simple ANOVA?
Q3) What is a multivariate analysis of variance?
Q4) What type of ANOVA is used when there is only one type of treatment or grouping factor with more than two levels?
A) One-way
B) Two-way
C) Three-way
D) Four-way
Q5) When you have more than one factor, what type of ANOVA should be used?
A) One-way ANOVA
B) Multivariate ANOVA
C) Simple ANOVA
D) Factorial ANOVA
Q6) Create a 3 × 2 factorial design ANOVA. Page 18
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Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends? Testing
Relationships
Using the Correlation
Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a research hypothesis for testing a correlation coefficient?
A) \(H _ { 1 : } \rho _ { x v } \neq 0\)
B) \(H _ { 1 : } : \rho _ { x w } = 0\)
C) \(H _ { 0 } : \rho _ { x v } = 0\)
D) \(H _ { 0 } : \rho _ { x w } \neq 0\)
Q2) If you do not predict a relationship between two variables as being either positive or negative, what type of test should you use?
A) Two-tailed
B) ANOVA
C) One-tailed
D) Cohen's d
Q3) If the correlation between two variables is .496, what is the coefficient of determination?
Q4) What are measures that occur at the same time known as?
A) Predictive measures
B) Longitudinal measures
C) Concurrent measures
D) Consecutive measures
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain what the regression line represents by naming three things that it allows us to examine.
Q2) What is the distance between each data point and the regression line called?
A) Error of estimate
B) Standard error of estimate
C) Standard deviation
D) Standardized error
Q3) Which of the following is the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis?
A) Intercept
B) Predicted score
C) Criterion score
D) Slope
Q4) What is another name for a regression line?
A) Line of best fit
B) Scatterplot line
C) Line graph
D) Line of the estimate
Q5) What must be used to examine an outcome that is predicted from two independent variables?
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Chapter
Chi-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Q1) Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the degrees of freedom for a one-sample chi-square?
A) n - 1
B) n - 3
C) r - 1
D) r - 3
Q2) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to compare the magnitude and direction of differences between two groups?
A) Mann-Whitney
B) Wilcoxon rank
C) Spearman rank
D) Fisher's exact
Q3) Which of the following nonparametric tests is used to determine if the number of occurrences across categories is random?
A) McNemar
B) Fisher's exact
C) Chi-square
D) Spearman rank
Q4) Name two other nonparametric procedures, and explain when they would be used.
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Chapter 18: Some Other (Important) Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which Excel data analysis tool is applied to determine how more than one variable can predict another?
A) Correlation
B) Regression
C) Covariance
D) ANOVA
Q2) Which of the following examines data to see if a theoretical relationship is sustained?
A) repeated measures
B) covariance
C) path analysis
D) ANOVA
Q3) Which of the following is sometimes referred to as an "umbrella" term for techniques such as regression, path analysis, and factor analysis?
A) MANOVA
B) SEM
C) EFA
D) ANCOVA
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