Psychology Research Methods
Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Psychology Research Methods provides students with foundational knowledge and hands-on experience in designing, conducting, and critically evaluating psychological research. The course covers essential concepts including experimental and non-experimental designs, hypothesis formulation, sampling techniques, measurement procedures, data collection strategies, and ethical considerations in psychological studies. Emphasis is placed on statistical analysis, interpretation of results, and effective communication of research findings. Through lectures, discussions, and practical assignments, students develop the skills necessary to critically assess research literature and undertake their own research projects in psychology.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods The Essential Knowledge Base 2nd Edition by Trochim
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______________ is the macro-level effort to accumulate knowledge across multiple empirical systematic public research projects.
Answer: research enterprise
Q2) Bruce is conducting research about family interactions and wants to include both individual-level data and family-level data.He is most likely using _______________ modeling.
Answer: hierarchical
Q3) A(n)_______________ is a systematic compilation and written summary of all of the literature published in scientific journals that is related to a research topic of interest. Answer: literature review
Q4) What type of relationship is shown in the accompanying figure?
A)no relationship
B)negative relationship
C)positive relationship
D)curvilinear relationship
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Ethics Foundations of Ethics in Research
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Q1) Carlos is thinking about including children in his study.Although the children cannot enter into a legal agreement to participate,he feels it is important that they still agree to participate.By doing so,Carlos is seeking the children's ____.
A)assent
B)confidence
C)willing participation
D)consent
Answer: A
Q2) A ____ study is designed to test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people to evaluate its safety,determine a safe dosage range,and identify potential side effects. A)pilot
B)Phase I
C)Phase II
D)Phase III
Answer: B
Q3) According to the Office of Research Integrity,_______________ involves making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
Answer: fabrication
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4
Chapter 3: Qualitative Approaches to Research
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Q1) Aisha is interested in individuals with severe persistent mental illness who train their own psychiatric service dogs.She has identified a group of individuals who are training their own psychiatric service dogs,and they meet regularly to,exchange tips,and discuss their experiences.Aisha asks them what the single most remarkable change they have noticed in themselves as a result of training their own service dogs.Aisha is best described as using the ____ approach.
A)focus group
B)participant observation
C)unstructured interview
D)most significant change
Answer: D
Q2) When the ____ approach is used,core concepts are developed as data collection begins and are linked to the data as additional data collection continues.
A)ethnography
B)phenomenology
C)grounded theory
D)participatory action research
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sampling Foundations of Sampling
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Q1) In what type of sample would you divide the sample into groups,typically along geographic lines,randomly select groups,and then measure all units within the sampled groups?
A)simple random
B)stratified random
C)systematic random
D)cluster random
Q2) Systematic error in an estimate is referred to as ____.
A)bias
B)variance
C)range
D)displacement
Q3) The group from which you will actually sample in reality is the ____.
A)census
B)population
C)theoretical population
D)accessible population
Q4) Explain the proximal similarity model with an example.
Q5) Assembling a sample of persons with known or demonstrable experience in some area is referred to as _______________.
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Measurement
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Q1) One of the measures Rosalyn is including in her study of the effects of environmental enrichment is the score on a standardized scale of intelligence.This is best described as a(n)____ scale.
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Q2) Checking on whether the new measure is different from measures from which it should,indeed,be different provides an assessment of ____ validity.
A)content
B)face
C)discriminant
D)concurrent
Q3) What is content validity and how is it specified?
Q4) The reliability ratio is expressed as ____.
A)var(T)/ var(X)
B)var(X)/ var(T)
C)rel(X)/ rel(T)
D)rel(T)/ rel(X)
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Chapter 6: Scales, Tests, and Indexes
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Q1) Traditionally,the index commonly called the ____ combines education,occupation,and income.
A)SES
B)GDP
C)GNP
D)CPI
Q2) A quantitative score that measures a construct of interest by applying a formula or a set of rules that combines relevant data is a(n)_______________.
Q3) In the Thurstone method,judges rate how favorable statements are to the construct of _______________.
Q4) A(n)____ is used to collect answers on instruments.
A)index
B)scale indicator
C)response scale
D)item
Q5) Describe the steps involved in creating a Likert scale.
Q6) Guttman Scaling is also called _______________ scaling.
Q7) A response scale like agree/disagree or support/oppose is a(n)_______________ scale.
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Chapter 7: Survey Research
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Q1) What type of response scale is used in the question accompanying figure asking about college majors?
A)nominal
B)ordinal
C)interval
D)ratio
Q2) Following a brutal crime,a community group wants to learn more about how the neighborhood has been affected.The community group publicizes their upcoming survey and then has volunteers wearing clear identification go residence to residence to distribute the questionnaire,explain its purpose,and answer questions.Residents can then complete the questionnaire at their leisure and mail it back in.This is best described as a(n)____.
A)electronic survey
B)group-administered questionnaire
C)drop-off survey
D)personal interview
Q3) When the survey itself is quite long,mail surveys are an excellent choice.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe and discuss focus groups,identifying the advantages and drawbacks.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Design
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Q1) What is compensatory rivalry? Illustrate with an example.
Q2) A group comparable in every way possible to your experimental group except that it does not receive the program is called a(n)____ group.
A)control
B)placebo
C)blinded
D)nonequivalent
Q3) Mehmet is conducting a study aimed at improving the problem solving abilities of older adults.Prior to the intervention,all of the participants are given a series of problems to solve and,in the process of trying to solve them,many of the participants refine their approaches to problem solving.As a result,Mehmet's study has a(n)____ threat.
A)history
B)maturation
C)instrumentation
D)testing
Q4) What is the history threat in a single group design?
Q5) Temporal precedence means the effect occurs before the cause.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Experimental Design
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Q1) Subgroups are to stratified random sampling as ____ is/are to the randomized block design.
A)homogeneity
B)randomization
C)blocks
D)order effects
Q2) What are main effects and what are interactions? Provide an illustrative example for each.
Q3) The statement "If X then Y and if not X then not Y" is a statement of ____.
A)causality
B)covariance
C)
Plausibility
D)independence
Q4) The foundational randomized clinical trial,of polio vaccine,was conducted by ____.
A)Edward Jenner
B)Jonas Salk
C)Benjamin Waterhouse
D)John Snow
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Design
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Q1) The most commonly used quasi-experimental design is the regression-discontinuity design.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The threat to internal validity that occurs when there are different rates of movement towards the mean in the two groups is termed a(n)_______________ threat.
Q3) In the archived proxy-pretest design,the pretest is based on ____.
A)standardized test norms
B)pre-existing records for study participants
C)expected averages
D)informant recollections
Q4) Consider the accompanying figure,illustrating the regression discontinuity design.What is shown by D?
A)regression line
B)cutoff
C)crossover
D)discontinuity
Q5) In its simple form,the _______________ design is very weak with respect to internal validity.
12
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Chapter 11: Introduction to Data Analysis
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Q1) The correspondence between two variables is referred to as a(n)_______________.
Q2) What is the mode of this set of scores?
4,4,7,3,6,10,2,7,3,10,4,8,2,2,2
A)2
B)3
C)4 D)10
Q3) Robb carefully designed a study to test a method for reducing test anxiety among students.On the day he conducts his post-test,a broken water main nearby results in jack hammering and other construction sounds that are seem to be distracting research participants.Robb's ability to detect differences among his groups may have been compromised by ____.
A)low reliability of the measure
B)random heterogeneity of participants
C)poor reliability of treatment implementation
D)random irrelevancies in the setting
Q4) Both qualitative and quantitative analyses have underlying assumptions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is statistical power and how can it be increased?
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Chapter 12: Inferential Analysis
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Q1) Variables that are adjusted for in a research study are called ____.
A)residuals
B)coefficients
C)covariates
D)intercepts
Q2) The t-value can be expressed as
A)noise / signal
B)signal / noise
C)noise - signal
D)signal - noise
Q3) Any influence on an observed score not related to what you are attempting to measure is referred to as _______________.
Q4) In GLM equations,the letter z stands for the ____.
A)outcome score
B)error
C)dummy variable
D)predictor score
Q5) The basic regression-discontinuity design is a two-group pretest-posttest model.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Communicating Research
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Q1) Titles for research papers are typically limited to 50 words.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The _______________ forms the empirical basis for the research that has been conducted.
Q3) The references are placed immediately after the ____.
A)introduction
B)method
C)results
D)discussion
Q4) What is APA format and why does it matter?
Q5) The last section in an APA-style paper is the_______________.
Q6) Under what circumstances should the publication year be included with the citation in the body of the text?
A)always
B)never
C)the first time the citation occurs
D)only if necessary to distinguish it from other references
Q7) List,in correct order,the 10 sections of an APA-style paper.
Q8) In an APA-style paper,what are the two components of citing other research?
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