Psychology Research Methods
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Psychology Research Methods introduces students to the foundational principles and techniques used to investigate psychological phenomena. The course covers various research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, with a focus on ethical considerations, measurement, data collection, and the interpretation of results. Students learn how to critically evaluate existing research, formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, and analyze data using statistical software. By the end of the course, students are able to design and propose their own psychological research projects, demonstrating an understanding of validity, reliability, and research ethics.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Paul Chance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
13 Chapters
699 Verified Questions
699 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/620 Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Learning to Change
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
61 Verified Questions
61 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11721
Sample Questions
Q1) Lee Cronk wrote an article on how evolved behavior can prove nonadaptive when the environment changes. The article was called ________.
A) Old Dogs, Old Tricks
B) The Once and Future King
C) Murder Most Fowl
D) History Recalled
Answer: A
Q2) A stimulus is an environmental event that is capable of affecting _______. Answer: behavior
Q3) Your text views learning as a change in the brain that is represented in behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Natural selection is often _______.
A) ahead of the times
B) behind the times
C) up with the times
D) under the times
Answer: B
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: The Study of Learning and Behavior
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
41 Verified Questions
41 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11722
Sample Questions
Q1) One problem with computer simulations as a substitute for animal research is that
A) they are terribly expensive
B) they take years to develop
C) "bugs" in the software distort the findings
D) no one knows what behavior to program until the research has been done
Answer: D
Q2) Experiments done in natural settings are called _______.
A) natural experiments
B) spontaneous experiments
C) unplanned experiments
D) field experiments
Answer: D
Q3) One thing researchers can control better with animal subjects than with human subjects is _________.
Answer: genetic history/environmental history/learning experiences
Q4) Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is ______.
Answer: anecdotal
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
66 Verified Questions
66 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11723
Sample Questions
Q1) Higher-order conditioning is probably most important to ___________.
A) rats
B) dogs
C) cats
D) humans
Answer: D
Q2) If, following conditioning, a CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the procedure is called ________.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) latent inhibition
C) extinction
D) preconditioning
Answer: C
Q3) One way to test for the effects of conditioning is to use test trials.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) The first conditioning trials are typically _____ (more/less) effective than later trials.
Answer: more
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Pavlovian Applications
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11724
Sample Questions
Q1) Staats and Staats demonstrated that both positive and negative biases could be established through conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The CS in the Little Albert study was a _______.
Q3) Mary Cover Jones cured Peter's fear of ______.
Q4) People are most likely to tolerate painful and humiliating events if these events consistently __________.
A) precede positive events
B) occur simultaneously with positive events
C) follow positive events
D) occur by themselves over a long period
Q5) VRET owes a debt to the work of Mary Cover Jones.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Exposure therapy is really a form of counterconditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Describe the work of Watson and Rayner with Little Albert.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: Reinforcement
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11725
Sample Questions
Q1) _______ theory assumes that a behavior becomes reinforcing when we are prevented from performing it as ofen as we normally would.
Q2) The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.
A) a reduction in drive
B) an increase in the potency of a behavior
C) a relation between behaviors
D) a satisfying state of affairs
Q3) Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.
Q4) Using ESB as a reinforcer, Talwar and his colleagues got such effective control over the behavior of rats that journalists called the animals robo-rats.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Operant learning may also be referred to as _______.
A) trial-and-error learning
B) effects learning
C) non-Pavlovian conditioning
D) instrumental learning
Q6) Your text says that the law of effect implies that our environment is constantly "talking" to us. What does this mean?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 6: Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11726
Sample Questions
Q1) Reinforcement reduces creativity because creativity requires new forms of behavior. Completion
A)True
B)False
Q2) Kohler thought that insight was achieved suddenly, but other work suggests that it is achieved gradually.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Karen Pryor demonstrated that she could reinforce novel behavior. Her subjects were ________.
Q4) Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.
A) dance
B) bowl
C) jump rope
D) peck at a sign that said, "Peck."
Q5) Shaping is the reinforcement of _______ of a desired behavior.
Q6) The solution to a problem is behavior that produces_______.
Page 8
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 7: Schedules of Reinforcement
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11727
Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why fatigue is not a good explanation for postreinforcement pauses.
Q2) In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Harry spent his summer in the city panhandling. Every day he would sit on the sidewalk, put a cardboard sign in front of him that said, "Please help," and place his hat on the sidewalk upside down.
Then he would wait. Every now and then someone would put money into his hat. Harry's Reinforcement schedule is best described as a _________.
A) fixed ratio schedule
B) variable ratio schedule
C) fixed interval schedule
D) variable time schedule
Q4) In a tandem schedule, behavior is performed during a series of schedules, but food reinforcement comes only at the end of the last schedule. What reinforces behavior during the earlier schedules when food is not provided?
Q5) Choice involves ________ schedules.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 9
Chapter 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
46 Verified Questions
46 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11728
Sample Questions
Q1) One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _________.
A) the behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first
B) the results are not durable
C) it is not covered by medical insurance
D) ultimately, it makes the problem worse
Q2) How is the effectiveness of punishment affected by the availability of reinforcement?
Q3) If Charles Catania's thinking about reinforcement is applied to punishment, we can say that all of the following are true of punishment except _______.
A) a behavior must have a consequence
B) the consequence of the behavior must be negative
C) a behavior must decrease in strength
D) the decrease in strength must be the result of the behavior's consequence
Q4) Briefly discuss the problems associated with punishment.
Q5) One problem with punishment is the tendency to imitate the use of punishment. Two other problems are________.
Q6) When aversive events occur independently of behavior they are called _______ .
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Chapter 9: Operant Applications
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
48 Verified Questions
48 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11729
Sample Questions
Q1) Wesley Becker argues that parents are _______.
Q2) In Skinner's teaching machines, the only reinforcer was the opportunity to move on to the next item.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The idea that for bizarre behavior to result in reinforcement it must sometimes occur when reinforcement is unavailable has been called __________.
Q4) Jack is a homeless man who lives on the streets of New York City. One cold January night he takes up a position outside a fancy restaurant and starts shouting, "God has ordered an equestrian invasion of Long Island." The restaurant owner calls the police and they take Jack to a hospital, where he spends
A quiet night. You look into Jack's medical history and find that he _____________.
A) has an inoperable brain tumor
B) is a minister
C) is a dedicated equesstrian
D) has been hospitalized for bizarre behavior in the winter more than in other seasons
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 11
Chapter 10: Observational Learning
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11730
Sample Questions
Q1) Social observational learning may be defined as _________.
A) imitation of a model's behavior
B) a change in an observer's behavior
C) a change in behavior due to observing a model
D) a variation of operant learning
Q2) Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______.
A) less from the model's behavior
B) more from the model's behavior
C) about the same amount from the model's behavior
D) only about the eye patch
Q3) In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________.
A) mnemonic processes
B) cognitive processes
C) retentional processes
D) memorial processes
Q4) In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
Q5) Efforts to influence people through modeling via mass media are called _______.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11731
Sample Questions
Q1) In errorless discrimination training, _______.
A) training continues until the animal or person makes no errors
B) subjects look on as well-trained models perform the response to be learned
C) generalization soon reappears
D)the S<sup> </sup> is introduced in very weak form and its strength is gradually increased
Q2) Pigeons that have learned to peck a disc when two lights of the same color come on, and not when the lights differ, can be said to have learned a concept.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The CS+ of Pavlovian discrimination training is analogous to the ___ /___of operant discrimination training.
A) Pavlov
B) Spence
C) Lashley and Wade
D) Herrnstein
Q4) In ________discrimination training an S<sup> </sup> is introduced in a form so weak that the organism does not respond to it.
Page 13
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 12: Forgetting
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11732
Sample Questions
Q1) When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is
A) put on extinction before the retention interval
B) put on extinction after the retention interval
C) alternately extinguished and retrained
D) completely extinguished before training begins
Q2) The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Endel Tulving said that _____ memories have to do with "knowledge of the world."
A) semantic
B) episodic
C) linguistic
D) academic
Q4) When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of ____________.
A) proactive interference
B) retroactive interference
C) overlearning
D) the training effect
Page 14
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 13: The Limits of Learning
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/11733
Sample Questions
Q1) Efforts to teach chimpanzees to talk probably failed because_________.
A) the researchers did not use the proper reinforcement procedures
B) chimps have their own language which they would not give up C) the researchers did not begin instruction when the chimps were very young
D) chimps lack the biological structures for speech
Q2) Researchers have found that organisms differ in their readiness to learn certain tasks. Martin Seligman called this tendency the _______of preparedness.
Q3) When a species is likely to learn a response, we say it is prepared to learn. When it is unlikely to learn a response, we say it is _______ to learn.
Q4) The tendency to revert to a fixed (or modal) action pattern is called instinctive drift. A)True B)False
Q5) Experiments in which young monkeys were reared in isolation from their mothers illustrates the importance of _______ periods for social development.
Q6) _______was one of the first to study imprinting.
Q7) How might preparedness to learn be nonadaptive?
Page 15
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.