Psychology Research Design and Analysis
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of the foundational methods and techniques employed in psychological research. Students will learn how to design experiments and non-experimental studies, evaluate the validity and reliability of psychological measures, and apply both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses to research data. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, ethical considerations, and the interpretation of empirical findings. By the end of the course, students will be able to formulate research questions, design rigorous studies, analyze data using appropriate statistical tools, and effectively communicate their findings in both written and oral formats.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition by Gravetter
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher is interested in the eating behavior of rats and selects a group of 25 rats to be tested in a research study.The group of 25 rats is an example of a ______.
A)sample
B)statistic
C)population
D)parameter
Answer: A
Q2) Calculate each value requested for the following set of scores.Scores: 2,3,0,5
a. X
b. X²
c.( X)²
Answer: a.10
b.38
c.(10)² = 100
Q3) If a researcher measures two individuals on an ordinal scale,it is impossible to determine how much difference exists between the two people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A space is left between adjacent bars in a bar graph.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A sports historian recorded the number of times that the New York Yankees finished 1 ,2 ,3 ,and so on,in their division for the past 20 years.If the results are presented in a frequency distribution graph,then a histogram must be used.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) If a set of scores covers a range of 80 points,then the grouped frequency table for the scores should use an interval width of 8 points.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) A histogram is constructed so that adjacent bars touch.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a severely skewed distribution,the median often provides a better measure of central tendency than the mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) What is the mean for the following scores? Scores: 4,6,14
A)12
B)8
C)7
D)6
Answer: B
Q3) A set of n = 3 scores has a mean of M = 10.Another set of scores has n = 7 and M = 6.If these two sets of scores are combined,what is the mean for the combined group?
Answer: For the combined sample,n = 10, X = 72,and M = 7.2.
Q4) For a distribution with one or two extreme scores,the median is usually a more representative value than the mean.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) The range is usually considered to be a relatively crude measure of variability. A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following symbols identifies the population standard deviation? A)s
B)s<sup>2</sup>
C)? D)? <sup>2</sup>
Q3) What is the value of SS (sum of squared deviations)for the following sample? Sample: 1,1,1,7
A)52
B)27
C)25
D)9
Q4) What is the value of SS for the following set of scores? Scores: 1,1,4,0
A)18
B)10
C)9
D)6
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Chapter 5: z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a population with a mean of = 80,any score greater than 80 will have a positive z-score.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a population with = 34,a score of X = 31 corresponds to z = -1.00.The standard deviation for the population is = 6.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For a population with µ = 40 and = 8,what is the X value corresponding to z = 1.50?
A)44
B)50
C)52
D)58
Q4) A population with ? = 41 and ? = 4 is standardized to create a new distribution with ? = 50 and ? = 10.In this transformation,a score of X = 39 from the original distribution will be transformed into a score of X = 55.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a normal distribution with µ = 80 and = 10,the score that separates the bottom 10% of the distribution from the rest is 67.2
A)True
B)False
Q2) All probabilities can be expressed as decimal values ranging from 0 to 1.00.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A normal distribution has a mean of µ = 70 with = 12.If one score is randomly selected from this distribution,what is the probability that the score will be greater than X = 58?
A)0.8413
B)0.1577
C)0.3413
D)0.6826
Q4) For a normal distribution,the proportion located between z = -1.00 and z = +1.00 is p = 34.13%
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: The Distribution of Sample Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) If random samples,each with n = 4 scores,are selected from a normal population with µ = 80 and = 36,what is the standard error for the distribution of sample means?
A)4
B)9
C)18
D)36
Q2) If the sample size is equal to the population variance (n = ²),then the standard error is equal to 1.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Under what circumstances will the distribution of sample means be normal?
A)It is always normal
B)Only if the population distribution is normal
C)Only if the sample size is greater than 30
D)If the population is normal or if the sample size is greater than 30
Q4) If the sample size is doubled,the standard error will be cut in half.
A)True
B)False
9
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher is conducting an experiment to evaluate a treatment that is expected to increase the scores for individuals in a population.If the researcher uses a one-tailed test with = .01,then which of the following correctly identifies the critical region?
A)z > 2.33
B)z > 2.58
C)z < 2.33
D)z < 2.58
Q2) Although the size of the sample can influence the outcome of a hypothesis test,it has little or no influence on measures of effect size.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher administers a treatment to a sample of participants selected from a population with µ = 80.If the researcher obtains a sample mean of M = 88,which combination of factors is most likely to result in rejecting the null hypothesis?
A) = 5 and n = 25
B) = 5 and n = 50
C) = 10 and n = 25
D) = 10 and n = 50
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the t Statistic
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher conducts a hypothesis test using a sample of n = 20 from an unknown population.What is the df value for the t statistic?
A)19
B)20
C)21
D)Cannot be determined from the information given
Q2) When n is small (less than 30),how does the shape of the t distribution compare to the normal distribution?
A)It is almost perfectly normal.
B)It is flatter and more spread out than the normal distribution.
C)It is taller and narrower than the normal distribution.
D)There is no consistent relationship between the t distribution and the normal distribution.
Q3) If other factors are held constant,as the sample variance increases,the estimated standard error also increases.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The t Test for Two Independent Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results from an independent-measures t hypothesis test are reported as "t(14)= 2.10, p > .05,two tailed." For this test,the null hypothesis was rejected.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One sample has a variance of s² = 10 and a second sample has a variance of s² = 6.Which of the following most accurately describes the pooled variance for the two samples?
A)Closer to 6 than to 10
B)Closer to 10 than to 6
C)Somewhere between 6 and 10
D)Around 16
Q3) An independent-measures study uses n = 15 participants in each group to compare two treatment conditions.What is the df value for the t statistic for this study?
A)14
B)15
C)28
D)29
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12
Chapter 11: The t Test for Two Related Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) A repeated-measures study and an independent-measures study both produced a t statistic with df = 10.How many individuals participated in each study?
A)12 for repeated-measures and 11 for independent-measures
B)12 for repeated-measures and 12 for independent-measures C)11 for repeated-measures and 11 for independent-measures D)11 for repeated-measures and 12 for independent-measures
Q2) A set of n = 16 difference scores has a mean of MD = 4 and a variance of s² = 36.Cohen's d for this sample is d = 4/6.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following will not increase the width of a confidence interval?
A)Increase the percentage of confidence from 80% to 90%
B)Reduce the sample size from n = 25 to n = 16
C)Increase the sample mean from MD = 2 to MD = 4
D)All of the other options will increase the width of a confidence interval.
Q4) A researcher reports df = 18 for a repeated-measures t statistic.This research study used a total of n = 19 participants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an analysis of variance produces a value of F = 0,then all the samples have the same mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The following table shows the results of an analysis of variance comparing four treatment conditions with a sample of n = 5 participants in each treatment.Note that several values are missing in the table.What is the missing value for MS<sub>within</sub>?
\(\begin{array}{lcccc}
\text { Source } & S S & d f & M S & \\
\hline \text { Between } & 30 & \mathrm{xx} & \mathrm{xx} & F=\mathrm{xx} \\
\text { Within } & \mathrm{xx} & \mathrm{xx} & \mathrm{xx} & \\
\text { Total } & 62 & \mathrm{xx} & & \end{array}\)
A)2
B)16
C)32
D)48
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures and Two-Factor Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The results from a two-factor analysis of variance show a significant main effect for factor A and a significant main effect for factor B.Based on this information,what can you conclude about the interaction?
A)There must be a significant interaction
B)There probably is a significant interaction
C)The interaction cannot be significant
D)You cannot make any conclusion about the significance of the interaction
Q2) Obtaining a significant interaction means that both factors A and B have significant main effects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A repeated-measures ANOVA with n = 5 subjects has df within treatment equal to 12.What is the value for df for this analysis?
A)8
B)16
C)48
D)Insufficient information to find dferror
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Chapter 14: Correlation and Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the regression equation, = -2X + 6,if the X value is above the mean (positive deviation),what can be determined about the predicted Y value?
A)The predicted Y value will be above the mean for the Y scores.
B)The predicted Y value will be below the mean for the Y scores.
C)The predicted Y value will be equal to the mean for the Y scores.
D)It is impossible to determine where the predicted Y value will be.
Q2) If there is a positive correlation between X and Y,then the regression equation Y = bX + a will have _____.
A)b > 0
B)b < 0
C)a > 0
D)a < 0
Q3) For a regression equation with a slope of b = 3,if MX = 3 and MY = 10,then the Y-intercept for the equation is 1.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The line defined by the equation Y = -3X + 6 slopes up to the right.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of
Fit and Independence
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phi-coefficient is used to evaluate effect size for the chi-square test for independence,provided the test has df > 1.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a basic assumption for a chi-square hypothesis test?
A)The population distribution(s) must be normal.
B)All scores come from an interval or ratio scale.
C)The observations must be independent.
D)All of the other choices are assumptions for chi-square.
Q3) Although the outcome for a chi-square test for independence is influenced by sample size,measures of effect size such as the phi-coefficient or Cramér's V are not.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For a chi-square test for independence,the expected frequencies for any row are the same as the expected frequencies in every other row.
A)True
B)False
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