Psychology of Thinking and Reasoning Question Bank
Course Introduction
Psychology of Thinking and Reasoning explores the cognitive processes that underlie human thought, judgment, and decision-making. The course examines how individuals acquire, process, and use information to solve problems, form concepts, and make reasoned decisions. Topics include logical reasoning, problem-solving strategies, heuristics and biases, creative thinking, deductive and inductive reasoning, and the psychological factors that influence rational and irrational thinking. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and practical applications, students gain insight into how reasoning shapes behavior and learning, as well as the implications for education, business, and everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Fundamentals of Cognitive Psychology 2nd Edition by Ronald T. Kellogg
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10 Chapters
480 Verified Questions
480 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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48 Verified Questions
48 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The rapid development of language skills in children can be seen as an evolutionary trait coded in the human genome.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In an experiment on long-term memory, a psychologist presents subjects with a list of random words or a list of words used in a story that the subjects read.She measures the number of ideas recalled in each case.The list vs.story variable is a(n)______ .
A)independent variable
B)ecologically valid variable
C)dependent variable
D)confounding variable
Answer: A
Q3) Like the body, the mind is a hierarchical system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Perception
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47 Verified Questions
47 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oliver Sacks wrote about a patient who mistook his wife for his hat and his foot for his shoe.This disorder illustrates
A) associative agnosia
B)apperceptive agnosia
C)blindsight
D)spatial neglect
Answer: B
Q2) Conscious perception of a meaningful object is the usual outcome of pattern recognition.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which structure is not part of the visual pathway in the brain?
A)occipital lobe
B)optic chiasm
C)lateral geniculate nucleus
D)frontal lobe
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because subliminal, unattended information avoids conscious defense mechanisms, it is stored well in long-term memory.
A)this is false
B)this is true only for highly emotional material
C)this is true only for people who easily repress information
D)this is true only for highly hypnotizable people
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is not true of automatic processes?
A)they are unavailable to introspection
B)they are unintentional
C)they involve motor processes, but not perceptual processes
D)they interfere little with attention demanding processes
Answer: C
Q3) According to Kinchla's research, attention switches from one area to another in an all-or-nothing fashion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Memory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Atkinson and Shiffrin's multistore model of memory, rehearsal, coding, decisions, and retrieval strategies are all examples of __________ processes associated with short-term memory.
A)control
B)pattern recognition
C)problem solving
D)automatic
Q2) Describe three of the following types of memory: echoic sensory memory, iconic sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory.Remember to include characteristics such as capacity and duration.
Q3) Storage and retrieval of personally dated, autobiographical experiences is called
A)long-term memory
B)semantic memory
C)schematic memory
D)episodic memory
Q4) Transfer appropriate processing is an argument against multiple memory systems.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
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Chapter 5: Remembering Events
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hypnosis and other techniques can evoke false memories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Increasing cumulative recall with repeated retrieval attempts is called
A)hypnotic TOT
B)retrieval specificity
C)cumulative amnesia
D)hypermnesia
Q3) During a study of long-term picture memory, subjects were shown 2,500 pictures for 10 seconds each.Correct recognition performance should be approximately
A)10%
B)30%
C)60%
D)90%
Q4) Priming and conditioning are examples of _______ memory.
A)non-declarative
B)explicit
C)declarative
D)sensory
Q5) Draw the taxonomy of long-term memory.
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Chapter 6: Memory Distortions
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is a defense mechanism that prevents unpleasant memories from entering consciousness by anxiety.
A)Repression
B)Regression
C)Leveling
D)Amnesia
Q2) The use of a previously acquired schema when recalling complex events often leads to factual errors.This is referred to as
A)retroactive interference
B)response competition
C)reconstructive retrieval
D)failure to store
Q3) Combining features of different events into a unified memory is called
A)integration
B)selection
C)leveling
D)interpretation
Q4) Explain three processes that contribute to the inaccuracy of eyewitness testimony.How does each process work to create false memories?
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Chapter 7: Imagery and Knowledge Representation
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A frame concerns ___________ whereas a script concerns _________.
A)events; properties
B)objects; events
C)images; propositions
D)propositions; deep structures
Q2) A frame and a script are both types of
A)formal concepts
B)natural concepts
C)schemas
D)templates
Q3) The mental rotation experiments support the theory that images act as analogs of real objects.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Robins have wings; blue birds have wings; therefore, all birds have wings.This is a strong inductive argument because:
A)blue birds are prototypes
B)robins and blue birds share many features in common
C)birds is a superordinate category
D)birds is a rule-governed concept
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deaf users of American Sign Language (ASL)show brain activation in the _______hemisphere when observing signs and hearing users of spoken English show activation in the __________hemisphere when reading.
A)right...right
B)right...left
C)left...right
D)left...left
Q2) Which of these language centers in the brain is closest to the occipital lobe?
A)Broca's area
B)Wernicke's area
C)Chomsky's area
D)Whorf's area
Q3) The eye-mind assumption is most directly related to
A)information processing during reading fixations
B)bridging inferences
C)dyslexia
D)idiographic writing
Q4) Language is known for certain to have developed from gestures.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) We need to represent the initial state, the operators, the restrictions on the operators, and the ________ when we internally represent a problem.
A)features
B)prototype
C)goal
D)heuristic
Q2) What is the key to solving problems?
A)studying first before attempting to solve the problem
B)a person should adopt a different mental representation of the problem
C)developing an equation first
D)giving up after about thirty attempts at solving the problem
Q3) Which of the following is a heuristic for problem solving?
A)means-end
B)working backwards
C)analogies
D)all of the above
Q4) Describe the parts of a well-defined problem.Explain how this differs from an ill-defined problem.
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Chapter 10: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning.
Q2) Describe two psychological phenomena that illustrate the influence of one's beliefs on human reasoning performance.
Q3) Joe went to the riverboat and bet on the craps shooter hitting seven as the total of the two dice.Joe won with this bet six times in a row.He then shifted his bet against the shooter on the seventh roll.This decision was probably
A)influenced by probability theory
B)influenced by the atmosphere hypothesis
C)influenced by the gambler's fallacy
D)influenced by the shooter's luck
Q4) People judge this sequence of coin tosses-- heads-heads-heads-heads-heads -as less likely than this sequence -- heads-tails-heads-heads-tails-tails-heads -because of _______.
A)the confidence heuristic
B)the representativeness heuristic *
C)the availability heuristic
D)the expected-utility model
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