Psychology of the Child Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of the Child explores the cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development of children from birth through adolescence. The course examines major theories and research findings related to child development, including attachment, learning, personality, and the influence of family, peers, and culture. Students analyze how genetic and environmental factors interact to shape behavior and mental processes during childhood, and consider the implications of developmental milestones and challenges for parenting, education, and social policy. Through case studies, observation, and critical analysis, this course provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding the psychological growth and needs of children.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development A Thematic Approach 6th Edition by Danuta Bukatko
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Chapter 1: Themes and Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) What views do behaviorists and social learning theorists have on the role of sociocultural influence on development?
Answer: Behaviorists believe that the mechanisms for learning are universal across cultures.However,social learning theorists have given the sociocultural context more emphasis by pointing out that technological advances in communications have expanded the opportunity for people to experience other cultures,and therefore expanded the opportunity for observational learning to occur.
Q2) According to most information-processing theories,changes in the cognitive system are a joint effort between cognitive structures and processes and environmental input.With which key theme in development is this statement most consistent?
A) Individual differences
B) Continuity-discontinuity
C) Sociocultural influence
D) Nature-nurture
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Studying Child Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher who wants to obtain data from a large number of children simultaneously would probably use the
A) clinical method.
B) structured interview method.
C) questionnaire method.
D) correlational design.
Answer: C
Q2) While collecting data on the prevalence of bullying in high school students,Dr.Rapp interviewed many students who had been victims of bullying.One student,Bruce,stated during the interview that he has been considering suicide.Based on research on adolescent judgment,what course of action would most adolescents recommend to Dr.Rapp in this situation?
A) He should make another appointment with Bruce for the following week.
B) He should include the interview in his study to further understanding of bullying.
C) He should break confidentiality and report the suicidal threat.
D) He should use his best judgment to determine whether Bruce is serious or not.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Genetics and Heredity
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ code for the production of proteins and enzymes that underlie traits and characteristics inherited from one generation to the next.
A) Gene's
B) Allele's
C) Chromatid's
D) Chromosome's
Answer: A
Q2) Identical twins may resemble each other more than fraternal twins because they share the same
A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) chorion.
D) placenta.
Answer: A
Q3) Human beings have twenty-three ________ pairs of chromosomes.
A) homogeneous
B) heterogeneous
C) homologous
D) heterologous
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: The Prenatal Period and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deprivation of oxygen,or ________,can occur when the umbilical cord is compressed for long periods of time during birth.
A) aproxia
B) anoxia
C) monoxidation
D) dyslexia
Q2) Approximately 5 percent of women in the United States use illicit drugs during pregnancy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is not an explanation for the difficulty in determining the teratogenic effects of illicit drug use?
A) Women who abuse drugs rarely maintain the use of a single drug during pregnancy.
B) Poor nutrition and lower socioeconomic status often accompany drug use.
C) The incidence of drug abuse during pregnancy has hit an unprecedented low,making research in this area of study difficult to conduct.
D) Drug-abusing mothers are less likely to receive proper prenatal care.
Q4) What is cytomegalovirus and why is it considered a teratogen?
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Chapter 5: Brain, Motor Skill, and Physical Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maxwell was born with an insufficient amount of human growth hormone.He is likely to be ________ at birth and grow ________ throughout childhood.
A) underweight;slowly B) underweight;rapidly C) of normal weight;slowly D) of normal weight;rapidly
Q2) Eating disorders are a major concern in the United States and other developed nations.Explain what factors contribute to these disorders and what treatments have shown successful.Include definitions and use research findings to support your discussion.
Q3) Rick's baby tends to lie with her head to the left.There is a strong chance she will be left-handed.
A)True B)False
Q4) Discuss three broad factors that can affect a child's physical growth (e.g. ,the child's eventual height).
Q5) What are glial cells and myelin,and how are they related to brain functioning?
Q6) How does the principle of cephalocaudal development apply to the emergence of major motor milestones?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Basic Learning and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might cross-cultural factors affect perceptual development?
Q2) Eleanor Gibson's theory of perceptual learning emphasizes early and fixed specificity in perception.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When infants use the movement of objects to help them visually identify the object from the rest of the visual field,they are utilizing
A) stereopsis.
B) acuity cues.
C) biological perception.
D) kinetic cues.
Q4) ________ is the state of alertness or arousal that allows the individual to focus on a selected aspect of the environment.
A) Sensation
B) Perception
C) Attention
D) Habituation
Q5) How do researchers study infant sensory and perceptual capacity?
Q6) Can a fetus respond to sound? How can one tell?
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Chapter 7: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the second year of life,children begin to
A) combine a word and a gesture.
B) limit their uses of words.
C) stop their use of gestures.
D) limit their use of words and gestures.
Q2) One of the first steps that ten-month-old Molly will take in learning a language is to acquire the ________ of the language.Molly will probably accomplish this task by making various speech sounds and various combinations of sounds until she learns to speak.
A) referents
B) syntax
C) phonology
D) pragmatics
Q3) Which of the following is an example of an overextension error?
A) A child who is unable to reliably grasp objects that are less than an arm's length away
B) A child who is more likely to gesture to obtain objects than to use words to obtain objects
C) A child who uses the word candy for lollipops only and not for other sweets
D) A child who uses the word juice for all drinking cups
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infants are capable of remembering very specific properties of an auditory stimulus for many hours.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During a memory exercise,Jamie's teacher told her to try grouping the words on the list into categories.This instruction is likely to
A) inhibit Jamie's ability to remember the items.
B) facilitate recognition but not recall.
C) significantly enhance recall.
D) have no effect on Jamie's performance.
Q3) Cathy knows that to get from her house to the grocery store,she must make a left at the red house on the corner and then a right at the stop sign.Cathy is using the red house as a ________ to help her find her way to the grocery store.
A) map
B) landmark
C) concept
D) stimulus
Q4) What is the difference between recognition memory and recall memory?
Q5) How might parents and teachers facilitate the transfer of learning?
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Chapter 9: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is development of strong referential communication skills so important?
Q2) Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for the fact that both deaf children who are not exposed to sign language and autistic children fail to develop a theory of mind?
A) Conversational experience is an important factor in the development of a theory of mind.
B) Deaf and autistic children share a similar neurological deficit that inhibits the development of a theory of mind.
C) Like autistic children,deaf children are born without the ability to socially engage other people.
D) Deaf children who are not exposed to sign language tend to develop autism.
Q3) What is a "false belief" task?
Q4) Some researchers believe that the infant's ability to understand goals and intentions in others is an example of A) innate knowledge.
B) adaptive knowledge.
C) intentional knowledge.
D) nurture-based knowledge.
Q5) What is referential communication?
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Chapter 10: Achievement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juan believes that he scored well on his math test because he got lucky and that he scored poorly on his history test because the teacher doesn't like him.Juan has a sense of
A) immanent justice.
B) competence monitoring.
C) learned helplessness.
D) social comparison.
Q2) The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence uses ________ to screen infants for possible intellectual deficits.
A) choice reaction-time tasks
B) novelty problems
C) reasoning questions
D) question-response assessments
Q3) The idea that the content of standardized tests does not adequately measure the intellectual abilities of children from diverse cultural backgrounds is called
A) culture shock.
B) deviation IQ.
C) test bias.
D) cross-fostering.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brent is ten months old.When his mother leaves,Brent with Grandma so that she can go to her part-time job,Brent cries.Brent is displaying
A) signaling behavior.
B) display rules.
C) separation anxiety.
D) stranger protest.
Q2) Studies on the effects of adoption on a child's emotional development suggest that separating a child from a biological parent
A) will have less of an emotional impact if the child is adopted at three months of age or younger.
B) is unlikely to produce emotional difficulties if the child is adopted before one year of age.
C) is unlikely to produce emotional difficulties in the child regardless of the age at which the separation occurs.
D) will have less of an emotional impact if the child is adopted at eight months of age or older.
Q3) How do self-conscious emotions differ from basic emotions?
Q4) Explain internal working models and how they affect later relationships.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Self and Values
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the difference between empathy and sympathy?
Q2) One shortcoming of the cognitive-developmental theories of moral development is that
A) relationships between cognitive ability and moral reasoning have been difficult to establish.
B) unlike cognitive development,moral development clearly does not occur in distinct stages.
C) the theories have difficulty explaining cultural differences in moral development.
D) moral reasoning is not always related to moral behavior.
Q3) While looking at her reflection on the recently polished table top,baby Brianne notices some strawberry jam on the tip of her nose and reaches to touch her nose.Brianne has
A) self-esteem.
B) self-control.
C) self-regulation.
D) self-recognition.
Q4) Compare Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development.How are they similar? How are they different?
Q5) What two factors are related to the emergence of the conscience?
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Chapter 13: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Preschoolers have been shown to associate specific behaviors and future roles with each sex.In fact,by two-years of age children will look longer at images of women _________ and men _________.
A) putting on earrings;putting on cuff links
B) putting on neckties;putting on lipstick
C) who are doctors;who are lawyers
D) who are poor;who are rich
Q2) According to the brain lateralization hypothesis,boys' brains mature more _________ than girls' brains,and consequently male brains are _________ specialized.
A) slowly;more
B) slowly;less
C) rapidly;more
D) rapidly;less
Q3) Explain the qualities associated with masculine and feminine gender stereotypes.
Q4) Children who encounter gender stereotype- inconsistent information will likely
A) ignore the conflicting information
B) change the sex of the person engaging in the behavior.
C) change the schemas related to that gender.
D) categorize the information as an exception to the rule.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most desirable outcomes are associated with authoritarian parenting,which has two key characteristics: setting limits on the child's behavior and responding to the child with warmth and nurturance.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Who is most likely to show more negative parent-child relationships in the context of financial strain?
A) One-parent Caucasian American families
B) Two-parent Caucasian American families
C) Two-parent African American families
D) All are equally likely to suffer negative parent-child relationships in the context of financial strain
Q3) If parents have made the correct causal attribution about their child's behavior,then
A) they will have no problem determining the proper punishment.
B) the child will likely not commit that transgression again.
C) the child will continue to misbehave.
D) they will be effective in controlling the child.
Q4) What is control theory,and how does it relate to parenting strategies?
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Chapter 15: Peers
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is social competence? What factors are responsible for it?
Q2) Jack,a rejected child,was knocked over when a classmate tripped over a stick on the ground.Jack is likely to
A) think that it was an accident.
B) apologize to his classmate for being in the way.
C) think that his classmate knocked him over on purpose.
D) ask the teacher to punish his classmate.
Q3) In sociometric nomination procedures,________ children receive low numbers of nominations in both the positive and negative categories.Although they lack friends,they are not disliked.
A) average
B) controversial
C) neglected D) rejected
Q4) Peer popularity has positive and negative consequences.
A)True
B)False
Q5) During adolescence,friends become less positive and reciprocally supportive.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Beyond Family and Peers
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Sample Questions
Q1) Case studies of rampage-type violent events in schools reveal few similarities among the students committing these acts of violence other than that the perpetrators are almost always male.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Television programs aimed at ________ seem to contain the most gender stereotypes.
A) children
B) adults
C) minorities
D) teens
Q3) Will's family is poor lives in a neighborhood where a high proportion of neighbors are considered middle class.Charlie lives in a neighborhood with a lower overall socioeconomic status.Will is more likely than Charlie to A) to have behavioral problems.
B) likely to have emotional problems.
C) likely to perceive education as useful.
D) all of these.
Q4) Discuss the efficacy of computer-assisted instruction (CAI).
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