Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination explores the origins, development, and consequences of biases and stereotypical thinking in individuals and groups. This course examines psychological theories and empirical research related to the formation of prejudices based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, and other social categories. Students will investigate how cognitive, emotional, and social factors contribute to discriminatory behaviors and attitudes, as well as the impact of prejudice on victims and society as a whole. Topics also include the role of social identity, group dynamics, institutional discrimination, and strategies for prejudice reduction and promoting social justice.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition by Roy F. Baumeister
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19 Chapters
2843 Verified Questions
2843 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Mission and the Method
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215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within psychology, ____ typically focus on "abnormal" behavior (e.g., mental disorders and behavioral disorders).
A) only clinical psychologists
B) both clinical psychologists and personality psychologists
C) only personality psychologists
D) psychologists from all branches of psychology
Answer: A
Q2) Basic research is to applied research as ____ is to ____.
A) general; specific
B) specific; general
C) hard; easy
D) easy; hard
Answer: A
Q3) MOST social psychological research has been conducted in ____.
A) the U.S. and a few similar western European nations
B) the U.S. and China
C) England
D) Austria and France
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Nature
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188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The automatic system is to ____ as the deliberate system is to ____.
A) life-sustaining; life-enhancing
B) intuition; reasoning
C) planned; spontaneous
D) mental; physical
Answer: B
Q2) According to evolutionary theory, the traits of which man should be most favored by natural selection?
A) Tom, who has one child, and dies when he is 100
B) Juan, who has two children, and dies when he is 50
C) Oded, who has four children, and dies when he is 25
D) There is no difference; the traits of all three men will be equally favored.
Answer: C
Q3) One of the ways that humans are different from other species is that our sensory organs are ____.
A) focused more on resolution than on detection
B) focused more on detection than on resolution
C) focused more on visual stimuli than auditory stimuli
D) focused more on visual stimuli than tactile stimuli
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Self
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to other people, narcissists ____.
A) are not interested in being admired by other people
B) are not as loyal to their relationship partners
C) are very concerned about getting other people to like them
D) tend to have rather low self-esteem
Answer: B
Q2) After several politicians made comments about "legitimate" rape and even argued that, when it resulted in the birth of a child, rape could have positive outcomes, many wondered if the politicians had any idea how others perceived them and the statements they made. In social psychological terms, their ____ self-awareness was questioned.
A) interpersonal
B) public
C) private
D) intrapersonal
Answer: B
Q3) Since about the 1970s, people's self-esteem scores have been on the rise.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Choices and Actions
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195 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carefully controlled research testing the idea that many people have a "fear of success," and therefore sabotage their careers, has shown that ____.
A) this is somewhat common among women, but uncommon among men
B) this is somewhat common among men, but uncommon among women
C) many people do this, though they typically do it unconsciously
D) in reality, almost no one seems to do this
Q2) The so-called Zeigarnik effect refers to the tendency for people ____.
A) to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal when pursuit of that goal has been interrupted
B) to make overly optimistic plans, failing to make allowances for unexpected events or problems
C) to feel relatively less stress or suffering when they think that they have the option of escaping from a situation (compared to when they think they do not have the option of escaping)
D) to give greater weight to potential losses than to potential gains when making decisions
Q3) Monitoring is one of the key components of self-regulation.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Social Cognition
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183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Feeling sorry for misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings, or mistakes is called ____.
A) counterfactual thinking
B) counterproductive thinking
C) regret
D) optimism
Q2) Although some social psychologists might argue that the cognitive errors discussed in this chapter stem from laziness and motivational biases, there is another perspective that puts a more positive spin on this. Articulate the two main parts of this other, more positive, perspective.
Q3) Jorge just received an A+ on a physics exam. If you make an external attribution for this event, what might you thinking?
A) "So what! The exam was really easy. I would have gotten an A+ too."
B) "Well, I'm still not that impressed. All Jorge ever does is study. If I studied all the time I would get grades like that too."
C) "Jorge must have some sort of natural gift for physics; he is really smart!"
D) "Jorge is probably really good at physics, but I bet he does really badly in all of his other classes."
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Chapter 6: Emotion and Affect
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198 Verified Questions
198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following situations would you be most likely to have a Duchenne smile on your face?
A) You have just learned that your enemy has been fired from his job. You are in public, among colleagues, so you have to pretend to feel bad for him (but secretly you are gleeful inside).
B) Your enemy just got a big promotion at work. You have to pretend to be happy for him, but you are secretly annoyed and jealous of his success.
C) You see your enemy on the street. You give him a quick fake smile-more of a sneer-just to show him that he is still your enemy.
D) You have just won an award and feel jubilant (especially because your enemy was not the winner).
Q2) Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that people may sometimes mislabel, or relabel, their arousal as one emotion versus another?
A) The James-Lange theory
B) The Cannon-Bard theory
C) The Schachter-Singer theory
D) The Yerkes-Dodson law
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, attitudes are used for ____.
A) choosing
B) identifying
C) motivating
D) explaining
Q2) As discussed in the text, gamblers use tricks to ____.
A) make decisions based on cognitive reasoning
B) recover from losses and to learn from wins
C) maintain the euphoria of risk-taking
D) remain confident that they will win in the future
Q3) In the process of classical conditioning, a(n) ____.
A) neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response becomes a conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus
Q4) There is a stray cat in your neighborhood that you see every few days. At first, you did not really care about the cat at all. But, over time, as you saw her more and more, you began to develop warm and fuzzy feelings toward the cat. It appears that your attitudes toward the cat shifted as a result of the ________________ effect.
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Chapter 8: Social Influence and Persuasion
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, fear-based messages (e.g., messages about the dangers of smoking) are almost always highly effective.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In one well-known social psychological experiment, research participants were brought into a dark room where an experimenter projected dots of light. These dots of light appeared to move slightly as they were projected-though exactly how far they moved the participants couldn't say. When asked to estimate the distance that the light traveled, participants tended to look to others in the room, and ask them what they thought (not because they wanted to gain others' approval, but because they assumed that others knew more than they did). It would therefore be MOST accurate to say that participants' final estimates were based on ____.
A) normative influence
B) informational influence
C) implicit social norms
D) elaboration likelihood
Q3) Compare and contrast normative and informational social influence.
Q4) The labeling technique is based on ________________ principles.
Q5) Describe the major results from Hovland's research program on persuasion.
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Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others
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185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists often make use of a game called the ____ to study people's tendencies to cooperate versus compete.
A) commons dilemma
B) prisoner's dilemma
C) matching game
D) naïve bystander circle
Q2) In the "trust game," participants generally ____.
A) send very little of their money to others
B) send a moderate amount of their money to others
C) send a substantial amount of their money to others
D) send none of their money to others
Q3) Research has shown that many people will accept costs, as in a reduction of their own pay, in order to punish someone else who breaks the rules. This is known as ____ punishment.
A) beneficial
B) tradeoff
C) altruistic
D) societal
Q4) ________________ is going along with the crowd.
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Chapter 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main difference between the hostile perception bias and the hostile attribution bias is that the former concerns ____ while the latter concerns ____.
A) events external to you as well as events that occur to you; just events that occur to you
B) emotions; cognitions
C) sensory experiences; interpretations of information
D) what might happen in the future; what has already happened
Q2) Based on the definitions in the text, it is most accurate to say that ____.
A) aggression is a type of violence
B) violence is a type of antisocial behavior
C) antisocial behavior is a type of aggression
D) antisocial behavior is a type of violence
Q3) Social psychologists Richard Nisbett and Dov Cohen found that in the U.S., men from the South tend to respond to insults more aggressively compared to men from the North. They argued that a key reason for the difference is the fact that there is a southern
Q4) Katie is certain that when she quits her job, her boss will take it as a personal insult and be aggressive and rude with her. Katie is exhibiting the ____________________ bias.
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Chapter 11: Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection
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198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the social psychological definition, loneliness ____.
A) is about the quality of one's relationships-not the quantity
B) is about the quantity of one's relationships-not the quality
C) can be about the quality of one's relationships OR the quantity of one's relationships-though it tends to be about quality
D) can be about the quality of one's relationships OR the quantity of one's relationships-though it tends to be about quantity
Q2) Consider the research regarding the relationships people have with large groups or organizations (e.g., people's ties with their universities or workplaces). Can such relationships "stand in" for interpersonal relationships, such that people with these types of relationships (but no interpersonal relationships) are not necessarily lonely?
A) No, these relationships cannot "stand in" for interpersonal relationships.
B) Yes, although this tends to be true only for men.
C) Yes, although this tends to be true only for older people.
D) Yes, although this tends to be true only within individualistic cultures.
Q3) How do social psychologists define loneliness? In what ways do people who are lonely differ from people who are not lonely? In what ways do they not differ?
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Chapter 12: Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In most work relationships, people only help one another if they are manifestly paid for their services, or if they expect a direct favor in return. Such relationships are known as ____.
A) exchange relationships
B) pragmatic relationships
C) communal relationships
D) goal-seeking relationships
Q2) Is sex better within the context of marriage or when one is single?
Q3) When couples make internal attributions for one another's successes, and external attributions for one another's failures, then they are said to be making use of ____.
A) an interdependent attributional style
B) a relationship-enhancing attributional style
C) an independent attributional style
D) a distress-maintaining attributional style
Q4) While ________________ love may be the most effective for starting relationships, ________________ love may be the most effective for sustaining them in the long term.
Q5) Describe how both personal and situational characteristics influence one's experience of jealousy.
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Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
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186 Verified Questions
186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recall Muzafer Sherif's research with two groups of 11-year-old boys camping at Robber's Cave (the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers"). The groups were fiercely competitive for several weeks. What triggered a peaceful reconciliation? That is, how was their animosity finally brought to an end?
A) They were brought into more and more frequent contact with one another.
B) They engaged in a number of tasks that built perspective-taking abilities.
C) They were put in a situation that established a clear winner and a clear loser.
D) They were put in a situation where they needed to cooperate in order to achieve a superordinate goal.
Q2) Researchers Plant and Devine have identified two basic motives that people have for overcoming prejudice: internal and external. According to these researchers, the internal motive is based on ____.
A) self-esteem needs
B) a belief that individuals are responsible for their own actions
C) consistency needs
D) a strong inner belief that prejudice is wrong
Q3) Explain what stereotype threat is, and how it affects performance.
Q4) Describe the strategies available to overcome stereotypes and reduce prejudice.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Groups
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193 Verified Questions
193 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to explanations that are used to justify why people in power deserve to be in power.
A) optimal distinctiveness explanations
B) legitimizing myths
C) asymmetry propositions
D) tragedy of the commons
Q2) As defined in the text, a group is a collection of at least two people who ____.
A) have a common goal
B) are being or doing something together
C) have a common identity
D) think, feel, or act similarly
Q3) In general, do people generate more and better ideas (or make better decisions) when they work independently, or when they collaborate and work as groups? Why or why not? What are the relevant factors?
Q4) Which statement about polygamy is most accurate?
A) Polygamy offers heterosexual women more choices.
B) Polygamy provides benefits to men, especially powerful men, but not women.
C) Polygamy is associated with social reforms that favor equality among men
D) Polygamy clearly favors the majority of men.
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do grocery store advertising, grocery store format (layout), and grocery store location influence consumers' decisions about where to shop?
A) All three affect behavior.
B) Interestingly, location has very little impact.
C) Interestingly, format (layout) has the strongest impact of the three.
D) Advertising is the only one of these variables to have an impact.
Q2) Ali is having a garage sale. He is trying to sell an old alarm clock for $20, an old pair of sneakers for $40, and an old TV set for $100. These prices are way too high. Since Ali owns these products, they seem to him to be more valuable than they really are. This phenomenon is known by social psychologists as ____.
A) lateral shrinkage
B) product affinity
C) personal use shrinkage
D) the mere ownership effect
Q3) As discussed in the text, the consumer consumption process begins ____.
A) long before we choose a product
B) when we recognize that we need a product
C) when we decide to shop for a product
D) when we choose among different products
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has shown that the more instances of smoking adolescents view in movies, the more likely they are to smoke. This is believed to be a result of ____.
A) social pressures to smoke cigarettes
B) a spurious relationship since the actual relationship is with being able to afford cigarettes
C) a spurious relationship, since students who perform poorly are both more likely to smoke and to watch movies
D) identification with movie characters
Q2) Which theme of the text does not always apply in the intersection of health and social psychology?
A) Put people first.
B) Nature says go, culture says stop.
C) Inner processes serve interpersonal functions.
D) We are built to relate.
Q3) Health is most accurately viewed as a(n) _____.
A) dichotomy
B) binary state
C) continuum
D) trait
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) "Can-do" is to ____ as "will-do" is to ____.
A) ability; motivation
B) motivation; ability
C) mentoring; leadership
D) leadership; mentoring
Q2) The best source in overall hiring volume, quality of hires, speed (application-to-hire time in days), and best employee retention after one and two years is ____.
A) use of independent recruiting companies
B) employee referrals
C) university employment centers
D) online resume services
Q3) The process organizations use to identify potential employees for a job is ____.
A) job analysis
B) organizational socialization
C) recruitment
D) performance review
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Chapter 18: Applying Social Psychology to the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) When instructions to individuals viewing the lineup include a warning that the perpetrator may not be in the lineup, there is a(n) ____.
A) decrease in the number of correct identifications made by witnesses
B) increase in the number of correct identifications made by witnesses
C) decrease in the number of mistaken identifications made by witnesses
D) increase in the number of mistaken identifications made by witnesses
Q2) System variables that influence eyewitness identifications in criminal lineups are most analogous to ____ that influence participant behavior in social psychological experiments.
A) interactions
B) confounds
C) demand characteristics
D) confirmation biases
Q3) Moving a trial from the location in which it would normally be held is called a change of ____.
A) voir dire
B) venue
C) target
D) qualification
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ territories are open to anyone who is not specifically excluded.
A) Open
B) Universal
C) Public
D) Free
Q2) Confronting people with the inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors is a strategy for promoting behavior change known as ____.
A) scarcity manipulation
B) cognitive control
C) hypocrisy induction
D) the one-person trap
Q3) Which of the following is the best example of the one-person trap?
A) Excessive consumption of limited energy resources
B) Overeating
C) Drunk driving
D) Failing to report a witness in a murder
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