Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations and dynamics of prejudice and discrimination, examining how biases develop and persist within individuals and societies. Students will analyze key theories and empirical research related to social categorization, stereotyping, and the effects of prejudice on both targets and perpetrators. The course also addresses the impact of cultural, historical, and contextual factors on attitudes toward race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and other social groups. Through critical reflection and case studies, students will learn about strategies to reduce prejudice and promote inclusion, with the goal of fostering greater understanding and equity in diverse settings.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 4th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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18 Chapters
1080 Verified Questions
1080 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ molds animals and plants so that traits that enhance the probability of survival are passed on to subsequent generations.
A) Social Darwinism
B) Naturalistic fallacy
C) Natural selection
D) Connectionism
Answer: C
Q2) The classic Milgram study showed that about ________ percent of participants delivered ________ to the "learner."
A) 1; a 330-volt shock or higher (i.e., after the learner let out an agonized scream)
B) 10; no shocks
C) 20; a 450-volt shock (highest possible)
D) 60; a 450-volt shock (highest possible)
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean when there is a statistically significant relationship between two variables?
Answer: A statistically significant relationship between two variables means that the probability of finding that relationship by chance is unlikely (typically less than 5 percent).
Q2) What are the benefits of conducting a debriefing after the conclusion of a study, for both the investigator and the participant?
Answer: Debriefing participants involves explaining the purpose of the experiment and the knowledge gained. Several answers regarding the benefits of debriefing are acceptable, including the following: Debriefing is useful for the investigator, particularly during pilot studies, for determining whether the instructions and setup of the study were clear and reasonable. Debriefing is also an opportunity to educate participants regarding the questions studied, the research processes more generally, and how the research may contribute to society.
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4
Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is likely to be the most defensive about getting negative feedback on a class paper?
A) Marta, who has unstable high self-esteem
B) Ye-Jun, who has stable high self-esteem
C) Aleksi, who has unstable low self-esteem
D) Maya, who has stable low self-esteem
Answer: A
Q2) Explain self-discrepancy theory and the various "selves" to which this theory refers. Then discuss how discrepant "selves" could influence an individual's well-being.
Answer: Self-discrepancy theory argues that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce the discrepancy between the actual self and both the ideal and ought selves. The actual self is the self that people believe they are. The ideal self embodies people's wishes and aspirations, while the ought self is concerned with the duties, obligations, and external demands people feel compelled to honor. Well-being suffers when there is a discrepancy between these selves. If there is an actual-ideal discrepancy, people tend to feel dejection-related emotions such as disappointment and shame. If there is an actual-ought discrepancy, people tend to feel agitation-related emotions such as guilt and anxiety.
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About People and Situations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ahmed went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked so many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Ahmed is displaying
A) the primacy effect.
B) the recency effect.
C) spin framing.
D) positive framing.
Q2) Give two examples of variables that influence the accuracy of secondhand information. Then, for each, describe a situation in everyday life where it could occur.
Q3) Describe the factors that determine whether a schema is accessible (activated) and whether it is applied.
Q4) How accurate are snap judgments? Take a position one way or the other and support it with two pieces of evidence.
Q5) Explain how schemas can influence: (a) attention; (b) inferences about other people; and (c) behavior.
Q6) Describe top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
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Q7) Describe the planning fallacy and summarize research on why this fallacy occurs.
Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The just world hypothesis refers to
A) the belief that positive events are more likely than negative events.
B) the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
C) a tendency to blame our own failures on external events.
D) a tendency to expect the best of people about whom we care.
Q2) When we engage in a self-serving bias, we attribute failure and other bad events that happen to us to ________, but we attribute success and other good events to ________.
A) distinctive factors; global factors
B) permanent circumstances; temporary circumstances
C) controllable circumstances; uncontrollable circumstances
D) external circumstances; ourselves
Q3) Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when
A) consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low.
B) consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low.
C) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low.
D) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high.
Q4) Defend the position that the self-serving attributional bias is NOT always based on the motivation to maintain self-esteem.
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Chapter 6: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events, and therefore ________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being.
A) overestimate; underestimate
B) underestimate; overestimate
C) overestimate; overestimate
D) underestimate; underestimate
Q2) Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions?
A) the evolutionary approach, but not the cultural approach
B) the cultural approach, but not the evolutionary approach
C) neither the cultural nor the evolutionary approach
D) both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches
Q3) ________ is the tendency to experience more positive emotions than negative emotions and is a key component of happiness.
A) Emotional well-being
B) Life satisfaction
C) Hedonic experience
D) An action tendency
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Katerina loves to read books. Her parents think that reading books is important, so they reward her with $5 every time she reads a book. Over time, Katerina decides that she does not really love books all that much. This is an example of the
A) impact of locus of control on attitude formation.
B) consistency between parents' attitudes and children's behavior.
C) overjustification effect.
D) self-fulfilling prophesy.
Q2) According to the concept of effort justification,
A) experiencing hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity.
B) working too hard for a promotion should lead one to underestimate its attractiveness.
C) feeling overwhelmed should prompt a person to give up.
D) receiving tutoring free of charge should increase one's motivation to study.
Q3) Explain the embodied nature of emotion and cognition and describe two research studies that show the relation between bodily movements and attitudes.
Q4) Describe the relationship between introspection and attitudes. Why might introspecting lead an individual to misconstrue his or her attitudes?
Q5) Describe three ways that researchers measure attitudes.
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Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Andy, an advertising executive, wants to use subliminal advertising to encourage people to buy his product. What effect will the use of subliminal advertising likely have on product sales?
A) Sales will double.
B) Sales will not be affected.
C) Sales will drop by 33 percent.
D) Sales will triple.
Q2) Under what circumstances are efforts to frighten people most likely to prompt more healthful behaviors, and under what circumstances are they less likely to be effective? Give an example of a campaign that effectively uses fear tactics.
Q3) To persuade a large group, a(n)________argument is generally more effective than a(n)________ argument.
A) concrete; abstract
B) abstract; concrete
C) peripheral; central
D) central; peripheral
Q4) Give two examples of how you could apply research on message characteristics to persuade more people to donate to an international disaster relief effort.
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Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main difference between Sherif's conformity study and Asch's conformity study is that Asch's study
A) examined situations in which one's own beliefs clearly conflict with those of the group.
B) demonstrated the powerful effects of social influence.
C) showed higher rates of conformity.
D) measured participants' judgments of visual stimuli.
Q2) Describe the phenomenon of automatic mimicry and give two reasons why it occurs.
Q3) The main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to
A) a more powerful person or group.
B) a request.
C) a personal belief.
D) imagined pressure from others.
Q4) Describe two factors that likely increased obedience in both the Milgram experiments and the events in Nazi Germany that took place leading up to and during the Holocaust.
Q5) Explain how norm-based social influence can play a role in increasing symptoms of bulimia (binge eating and purging) in sororities.
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Happier couples tend to attribute their partners' positive behaviors to A) unstable causes that are specific, unintended, and selfish.
B) stable causes that are general, unintended, and selfless.
C) unstable causes that are general, unintended, and selfless.
D) stable causes that are general, intended, and selfless.
Q2) Some historians believe that the idea that romantic love should precede marriage A) results in transactional marriages.
B) is not a recipe for long-term marital satisfaction.
C) has a long history in Western culture.
D) is relatively recent, emerging only in the past five hundred years or so.
Q3) Using Caryl Rusbult's investment model of commitment, describe a hypothetical situation in which someone might stay committed to a romantic partner even though he or she is not very satisfied with the relationship. In your answer, address the role of alternative partners and investments.
Q4) Distinguish between the three attachment patterns that Mary Ainsworth identified in her observations of infants and caregivers using the strange situation paradigm. Describe the characteristic behavior of both infants and caregivers for each style.
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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.
A) Self-fulfilling prejudice
B) Scapegoating
C) Prejudice
D) Stereotype threat
Q2) Sarah took the implicit association test (IAT) and found that she responded faster when "strong" words were paired with male names, compared with when "strong" words were paired with female names. What does this finding suggest?
A) Sarah holds an implicit belief that women are stronger than men.
B) Sarah holds an implicit belief that men are stronger than women.
C) Sarah holds an implicit belief that male names are more attractive than female names.
D) Sarah does not have any stereotypes about gender and strength.
Q3) Define stereotype threat and give an example of a situation in which a person may experience it.
Q4) Give an example of how superordinate goals could be used to improve intergroup relations on a college campus.
Q5) Give an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect and explain why it occurs.
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Chapter 12: Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define the phenomenon of social facilitation and explain Robert Zajonc's three-component theory of when and why it occurs.
Q2) Imagine that a group of corporate managers are experiencing groupthink. Which of the following behaviors might they display?
A) They place more importance on supporting the other group members than they do on supporting the leader.
B) They value generating many possible solutions to a problem over developing one solution fully.
C) They value reaching a consensus over critically evaluating the facts.
D) They become competitive and unlikely to cooperate with each other.
Q3) According to ________ theory, being aware of another person's presence divides our attention between this person and the task at hand. This division of attention is arousing, which explains why people perform better on well-learned tasks in the presence of others.
A) deindividuation
B) mere presence
C) evaluation apprehension
D) distraction-conflict
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ________ region of the United States leads the nation in argument-related homicide rates.
A) northern
B) western
C) eastern
D) southern
Q2) Distinguish between hostile and instrumental aggression and provide one example for each.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT among the explanations for income equality given in the textbook?
A) Powerful feelings of social rejection among those at the bottom in unequal societies may trigger violence.
B) Inequality undermines cohesiveness, trust, and goodwill among members of a neighborhood, state, or country.
C) Inequality throws males into more extreme competition for economic resources and access to mates.
D) People who are genetically more prone to violent behavior tend to be at the lower end of the socioeconomic spectrum.
Q4) Define culture of honor and describe its influence on aggression.
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Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of ________ refers to the tendency for natural selection to favor behaviors that increase the chances of survival of genetic relatives.
A) exclusive fitness
B) mate preferences
C) parental investment
D) kin selection
Q2) Drawing on research described in the textbook, evaluate the idea that religion makes people more altruistic.
Q3) Jane plays the prisoner's dilemma game while in an fMRI scanner. If Jane chooses to cooperate during the game, she is likely to exhibit increased activation in the same brain region that is activated when she
A) looks at pictures of tropical vacations.
B) tastes something sweet.
C) looks at photos of outgroup members.
D) Both a and b are correct.
Q4) How do upper- and lower-class individuals differ when it comes to empathy and altruism, and what accounts for this difference?
Q5) Describe the tit-for-tat strategy and evaluate its effectiveness.
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Chapter 15: Application Module-Social Psychology and Health
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Q1) Explain how differences in the social and physical environments of upper- and lower-SES neighborhoods can contribute to health disparities.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT likely a mechanism by which optimism is associated with better physical health?
A) Optimists are more likely to engage in good health practices.
B) Optimists are more likely to respond to stress with less HPA axis activity.
C) Optimists are less likely to need to rely on others for support.
D) Optimists are more likely to develop good social support networks.
Q3) Which of the following is an immediate effect of increased cortisol levels?
A) reduced blood pressure
B) increased immune system activity
C) increased heart rate
D) blockage of the formation of traumatic memories
Q4) In psychology, the term rumination refers to the
A) tendency to eat food thoroughly to aid digestion.
B) tendency to think about a stressful event over and over again.
C) digestive system dysfunction associated with exposure to multiple stressors.
D) illusion that we are in control of events.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Application Module- Social Psychology and Personal Finance
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Q1) The inability to make a decision in the presence of too many options is known as A) decision paralysis.
B) opinion dread.
C) option aversion.
D) choice reluctance.
Q2) When psychologists began applying insights from psychology to develop models about economic behavior, they were developing the field of A) financial psychology.
B) behavioral economics.
C) economic psychology.
D) social-psychological economics.
Q3) The price of stock in Computer Literacy, Inc., increased by 33 percent in one day when it changed its name to fatbrain.com. This illustrates the A) importance of branding.
B) presence of irrationality in stock trading.
C) absence of any basis for fairly valuing stocks.
D) fact that humans are incapable of making rational decisions about investments.
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Chapter 17: Application Module- Social Psychology and Education
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Q1) The textbook describes research conducted by Gregory Walton and Geoffrey Cohen (2007) on improving the academic performance of minority students in college. In their study, they devised an intervention for students that addressed students'
A) worries about failing tests.
B) worries about social acceptance.
C) study habits and note-taking skills.
D) theories of intelligence.
Q2) Entertainment-education is based on the work of the learning theorist
A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Nathan Aaronson.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Philip Zimbardo.
Q3) According to the textbook, there is ________ evidence that people of Asian heritage are genetically ________ intelligent.
A) strong; more
B) modest; more
C) no good; more
D) modest; less
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Chapter 18: Application Module- Social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) African Americans and Latinos are more likely to be stopped by police officers and receive harsher sentences. This bias in the criminal justice system is largely due to the A) use of cultural stereotypes.
B) frequency of their criminal activity.
C) need for procedural justice.
D) desire for retribution.
Q2) Compare the just desserts and deterrence motives for punishment. In addition, explain how these motives are related to cultural variations in punishment.
Q3) People's assessments of the fairness of processes leading to legal outcomes is called
A) retribution perceptions.
B) procedural justice.
C) legal justice.
D) bias perceptions.
Q4) Explain how stereotypes can lead to biases in our criminal justice system.
Q5) Challenge the idea that eyewitness testimony is accurate and reliable. Describe two research findings that support your argument.
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