Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations and social dynamics of prejudice and discrimination, examining how biases based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, and other group differences develop and are maintained within individuals and societies. Students will analyze theoretical models and empirical research to understand the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes involved in stereotyping, prejudice, and discriminatory behavior. The course also covers the effects of prejudice and discrimination on individuals and communities, strategies for reducing bias, and current issues related to diversity, equity, and inclusion in various contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 3rd Edition by Roy F. Baumeister
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19 Chapters
2695 Verified Questions
2695 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Mission and the Method
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215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychology has been more influenced by history than by any other social science.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Which of the following fields is BEST defined as "the study of human societies and the groups that form those societies"?
A) Anthropology
B) Political Science
C) Sociology
D) Psychology
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following elements is particularly critical to include in a deception study, but is not usually required in other types of studies?
A) IRB approval
B) demand characteristics
C) complete debriefing
D) informed consent
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture and Nature
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When researchers have studied delay of gratification using simple tasks with food rewards, they have found that chimpanzees are _____.
A) far better at it than humans
B) far worse at it than humans
C) about the same at it as humans
D) about the same at it as humans, though they are more capable than humans of improving their ability to delay gratification
Answer: B
Q2) In recent years, evolutionary psychologists have focused most attention on which of the following topics?
A) racial/ethnic differences
B) gender differences
C) age differences
D) language differences
Answer: B
Q3) Culture is a(n)____________________system involving shared understandings and praxis, enabling people to live together in an organized fashion to get what they need.
Answer: information-based or information based
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Self
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Given the research on positive illusions, which of the following is probably FALSE?
A) Most truckers think that they are better drivers than they really are.
B) Most criminals overestimate the likelihood that they will actually get away with their crimes.
C) Most teenagers think they are more physically attractive than they really are.
D) Most depressed patients who are in treatment for their depression think that they are recovering more quickly than other depressed patients.
Answer: D
Q2) Most of the time, people tend to ____ when they are successful (e.g., when they win a tennis match) and ____ when they are unsuccessful (e.g., when they lose a tennis match).
A) take credit; blame someone or something else
B) take credit; say nothing (have no explanation)
C) credit someone or something else; blame themselves
D) credit someone or something else; say nothing (have no explanation)
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Choices and Actions: The Self in Control
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "positive illusions" that characterize most thinking are typically set aside when people set goals for themselves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the text, do most psychologists today believe that people have free will?
A) Yes.
B) No.
C) Psychologists are currently divided on the issue.
D) In the past, most psychologists believed that people had free will. At present, however, virtually all psychologists agree that people do not truly have free will.
Q3) What are the common mistakes people make when planning to achieve their goals and what psychological processes promote them?
Q4) Both reactance theory and self-determination suggest that a sense of ____________________ is important to people, and that they will strive to achieve it.
Q5) According to ____________________ theory, most people need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation.
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Chapter 5: Social Cognition
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177 Verified Questions
177 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jules and Jim are reading a book review about a book that both of them have read. Jules hated the book, and seems to feel that the reviewer also hated it. Meanwhile, Jim thought the book was witty and provocative, and he seems to think that the reviewer shares HIS views. It seems as though both Jules and Jim are "seeing" different things when reading the book review. That is, both of them seem to be engaging in the ____.
A) confirmation bias
B) self-fulfilling prophecy
C) false consensus effect
D) illusory correlation
Q2) In a national poll conducted by ABC News, men reported an average of ____ sex partners and women reported an average of ____ sex partners.
A) twenty; six
B) six; twenty
C) ten; ten
D) ten; five
Q3) Recent research suggests that the basic distinction people make in attribution processes is between _____________________ and _____________________ behavior.
Q4) Describe how one might reduce cognitive errors in processing social information.
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Chapter 6: Emotion and Affect
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191 Verified Questions
191 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Martin is a very powerful company president. When he conducts a meeting, if he so much as frowns, the other people in the room behave so as to stop the potential conflict they see coming based on that frown. This reaction to Martin's anger illustrates the_____aspect of anger.
A) action-motivating
B) conflict-defusing
C) impulsive
D) aggressive
Q2) In the opening of this chapter, two men's reactions to spam e-mail were described. The fact that neither of the men were able to shrug off their annoyance to the spam illustrates the fact that ____.
A) emotion is largely consciously controlled
B) emotion is largely outside conscious awareness
C) emotion is a positive coping skill
D) emotion is a negative coping skill
Q3) According to the textbook, emotional intelligence can be denoted as ____.
A) EIQ
B) EQ
C) EMI
D) EM
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Fritz Heider's balance theory, balance is synonymous with ____.
A) consistency
B) happiness
C) efficiency
D) understanding
Q2) Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) performed a famous experiment on cognitive dissonance in which subjects were asked to lie to a fellow student (about how fun a psychology experiment was) for either $1 or $20. For subjects in the $1 condition, dissonance was created because these subjects thought to themselves: "I am a nice, ethical person, but I have just been mean and told a lie." It appears that the $1 subjects were ultimately able to reduce this dissonance by thinking to themselves: ____.
A) "I did not really tell a lie because the experiment was not that boring. In fact, the more I think about it, the more I think that it was kind of fun!"
B) "I know I told that person a lie. But so what? There are bigger problems in this world!!"
C) "Lying is a terrible thing. I swear that I will never do it again."
D) "Whatever! I got $1 for doing almost nothing! Good deal!!"
Q3) Explain the conditions under which the mere exposure effect holds true.
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Chapter 8: Social Influence and Persuasion
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that Elvis is opposed to smoking. And suppose that, even though his friends try to persuade him to try cigarettes, he stays true to his beliefs and resists their pressure. Research suggests that, as a result, Elvis is likely to ____.
A) be even more firm in his anti-smoking beliefs
B) end up being less sure of where he stands on the smoking issue
C) be less able to resist pressure to start smoking in the future
D) be more likely to secretly want to try cigarettes
Q2) Suppose that you were attending a lecture on global warming. In evaluating the integrity of the lecture, which of the following would least likely be a peripheral cue?
A) How many people attend the lecture and how many of these ask questions
B) Whether the speaker has a Ph.D. and from what institution
C) What the statistics cited by the speaker indicate when comparing year-to-year temperatures
D) How long the lecture lasts
Q3) The low-ball technique does NOT appear to actually be effective in influencing people or changing their behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others
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184 Verified Questions
184 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Forgiveness is beneficial to the person receiving it, but not to the person doing the forgiving.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Suppose that you are working with a group of monkeys, and you give some monkeys a small reward (a cucumber) for performing a given task, while you give other monkeys a bigger and better reward (a banana) for performing the exact same task. Research suggests that the monkeys ____ compare their rewards, and that, as a result, ____.
A) will not; neither group will become distressed
B) will; those receiving cucumbers will become distressed
C) will; those receiving bananas will become distressed
D) will; both those receiving cucumbers and those receiving bananas will become distressed
Q3) Describe the features that tend to promote cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma game.
Q4) In evolutionary theory, the tendency for people to help others who share their genes is known as ____________________.
Q5) ____________________ is going along with the crowd.
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Chapter 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
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184 Verified Questions
184 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alcohol reduces the amount of ____ throughout the brain and body, which reduces the level of energy available for self-control.
A) testosterone
B) serotonin
C) glucose
D) insulin
Q2) Suppose Fred discovers that his girlfriend has been having an affair with one of his best friends for over a year. He completely freaks out and starts running through the streets, uncontrollably screaming and randomly attacking people and things. The term used by social psychologists to describe this kind of behavior is ____.
A) scapegoating
B) the bad apple effect
C) koro
D) running amok
Q3) Who is most likely to swear frequently?
A) Sam, who has low self-control
B) Ronda, who is agreeable
C) Terah, who is introverted
D) Tai, who has a high socioeconomic status
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Attraction and Exclusion
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research on the elements of belongingness, which element is most lacking in commuter marriages?
A) Regular social contact
B) Relationship characterized by mutual respect
C) Positive interactions
D) Mutual bond
Q2) According to the "____________________" effect, people tend to assume that physically attractive people are superior to others in terms of a wide range of factors-intelligence, popularity, sexual warmth, etc.
Q3) Most people do not seem to seek out endless numbers of friends; having _____ close friends seems to be enough.
A) one or two
B) two or three
C) four to six
D) eight to twelve
Q4) Testosterone levels in men peak around the age of 20 and thereafter decline.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Social exclusion can also be called ____________________.
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Chapter 12: Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
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178 Verified Questions
178 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has shown that women often eat less than usual when in the presence of others. In general, they tend to eat particularly little when in the presence of ____.
A) an attractive female
B) an attractive male
C) an unattractive female
D) an unattractive male
Q2) Diamond's research regarding the attachment drive and the sex drive indicates that ____.
A) attachment can promote sexual desire, and sexual intimacy can promote attachment
B) attachment can promote sexual desire, but sexual intimacy almost never promotes attachment
C) attachment almost never promotes sexual desire, but sexual intimacy can promote attachment
D) attachment almost never promotes sexual desire, and sexual intimacy almost never promotes attachment
Q3) Most couples believe that their relationship ____________________ (improves/deteriorates) over time.
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Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
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176 Verified Questions
176 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term "salience" can be loosely defined as "that which is flexible or changeable according to the situation."
A)True
B)False
Q2) Considering all the different stereotypes that people hold of different groups, are most stereotypes positive, negative, or neutral?
A) Most are negative.
B) Most are positive.
C) Most are neutral.
D) About half are negative and about half are positive.
Q3) The so-called "outgroup homogeneity bias" refers to the tendency for people to ____.
A) perceive members of outgroups as relatively similar to one another, but perceive members of ingroups as relatively different from one another
B) perceive different outgroups as relatively similar to one another
C) assume that outgroups are similar to ingroups
D) believe that outgroups should be more similar to ingroups
Q4) Describe the strategies available to overcome stereotypes and reduce prejudice.
Q5) Explain what stereotype threat is, and how it affects performance.
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Chapter 14: Groups
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179 Verified Questions
179 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists have coined the term ____ to refer to the loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group.
A) deindividuation
B) optimal distinctiveness
C) social facilitation
D) social loafing
Q2) The risky shift refers to ____.
A) the tendency for groups to take greater risks than the same individuals on average would have taken individually
B) the tendency for people to become more risk-taking in their views the longer they hold on to them
C) the tendency for people to remember their views as being more risky than they really were
D) the tendency for people to become more extreme in their views-whether extremely risky, extremely cautious, or extreme in some other way-the longer they hold on to them
Q3) Social psychologists have coined the term ____________________ to refer to loss of self-awareness and loss of individual accountability in a group.
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Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior
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22 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ali is having a garage sale. He is trying to sell an old alarm clock for $20, an old pair of sneakers for $40, and an old TV set for $100. These prices are way too high. Since Ali owns these products, they seem to him to be more valuable than they really are. This phenomenon is known by social psychologists as ____.
A) lateral shrinkage
B) product affinity
C) personal use shrinkage
D) the mere ownership effect
Q2) Which explanation of conspicuous consumption fits with Terror Management Theory?
A) Acquisition of material things helps humans feel their existence extends beyond death.
B) Purchasing things lowers arousal and reduces terror.
C) Purchasing things increases arousal and helps one combat terror.
D) Acquisition of material things help a person establish their social identity.
Q3) Consumers who use QR codes tend to be ____.
A) older
B) wealthier
C) happier
D) heavier
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Edward has a really difficult co-worker. They are constantly in conflict over how to use the limited resources in the office. Edward offers to take the co-worker out to lunch and over lunch, they discuss how they can manage their respective needs for the office resources with less conflict. Edward has used ____ coping.
A) avoidant
B) emotion-focused
C) problem-focused
D) precontemplative
Q2) People have attitudes and perceptions of social norms, which affect intentions, which affect behaviors. This, in a nutshell, is the ____.
A) theory of planned action
B) general adaptation syndrome
C) cognitive appraisal model
D) transtheoretical model
Q3) People who experience ____ show a disease-prone personality.
A) low levels of anxiety
B) long-term negative feelings
C) high self-esteem
D) chronic positive affect
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women who work longer hours tend to eat ____ snacks than men who work the same number of hours.
A) more high fat and high sugar
B) more high fat but fewer high sugar
C) more high sugar but fewer high fat
D) less high fat and high sugar
Q2) Which of the following personality characteristics is NOT associated with successful leaders?
A) high self-confidence
B) high intelligence
C) high integrity
D) high narcissism
Q3) Mia has pictures of half-naked men all over her cubicle, and she is constantly making lewd jokes about sex and men as sex objects. Mia is engaged in ____.
A) affective commitment
B) quid pro quo harassment
C) hostile work environment harassment
D) leadership
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Chapter 18: Applying Social Psychology to the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a target-absent lineup, it is impossible for an eyewitness to make an identification decision that qualifies as a(n) _____.
A) correct identification
B) correct rejection
C) incorrect rejection
D) incorrect identification
Q2) Suppose that, during jury selection for a burglary trial, the lawyer for the prosecution determines that she does not want a potential juror named Ingrid Malone on the jury. Ingrid has stated that she has been in and out of mental institutions her whole life, and that she sees nothing wrong with a little burglary now and then. Ingrid even offers up the idea that "all burglars should be free to burgle." The prosecution lawyer suggests to the judge that Ingrid is highly biased and should be removed from the jury panel. The judge agrees, and has her quickly removed. This process is known as ____.
A) venire
B) voir dire
C) challenge for cause
D) peremptory challenge
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Chapter 19: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to social psychological research, which of the following is NOT a particularly effective way to shift people's attitudes and behaviors regarding the environment?
A) Provide people with feedback about their impact on the environment.
B) Make people's environment-related behaviors public.
C) Focus on specific actions rather than general or abstract behaviors.
D) Make nonemotional appeals to general attitudes in the public.
Q2) People are less likely to engage in the commons dilemma when ____.
A) they communicate with others
B) others are behaving badly
C) they are anonymous
D) they are highly self-interested
Q3) The term ambient environment refers to the ____.
A) auditory environment (i.e., what we hear)
B) sensory environment in general (i.e., what we hear, see, feel, smell, etc.)
C) environment at a given instant in time
D) "vibe" or "mood" that one feels in one's environment
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