Psychology of Play
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
The Psychology of Play explores the cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of play across the lifespan, with a strong emphasis on childhood development. This course examines foundational theories and contemporary research in the field, analyzing the role of play in learning, creativity, problem-solving, and socialization. Students will investigate how play contributes to psychological well-being, identity formation, and stress reduction, while considering cultural, technological, and individual differences in play behavior. Practical applications are discussed, including educational settings, therapeutic interventions, and strategies to harness play for promoting mental health.
Recommended Textbook
Children Play and Development 4th Edition by Fergus P. Hughes
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Chapter 1: Historical and Theoretical Viewpoints
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Q1) Lev Vygotsky referred to the distance between the child's actual performance when working alone and potential ability in a different social context as the
Answer: zone of prox?imal development
Q2) The educator ___________developed the first kindergarten and introduced play into the early childhood education curriculum.
Answer: Friedrich Froebel
Q3) When Vygotsky suggested that development takes place within a "zone of proximal development", he meant that
A) a child's problem solving depends on the social context within which it occurs.
B) children never seem to work up to their actual ability levels.
C) development occurs in clearly-defined stages.
D) children accomplish more when working alone than when working in groups.
E) teachers should set aside quiet places in their classrooms so that children will not be disturbed when working.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Ethological and Cultural Perspectives
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Q1) In her research on Mayan children in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, Suzanne Gaskins found that Mayan parents valued play because it
A) taught children about social interaction.
B) helped children learn about the properties of objects.
C) helped children to become skilled hunters.
D) distracted children so mother could get her work done.
E) made children happy.
Answer: D
Q2) ____________ involves a stress on the importance of group goals, group loyalty, and group identification.
Answer: Collectivism
Q3) One of the intriguing features of animal play, particularly that of mammals, is the frequency with which it contains elements of ________.
Answer: aggression
Q4) Play in animals is related not only to their phylogenetic position, but also to the extent to which they must adapt to their _____ _______.
Answer: peer groups
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4
Chapter 3: The First 2 Years of Life
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Q1) Children typically begin sitting alone between the ages of six and seven months.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Toys for infants from birth to 3 months should be intended primarily for A) sensory stimulation.
B) grasping.
C) reacting to the activity the infant performs on them.
D) helping the infant bond with its mother.
Answer: A
Q3) Unlike play, exploration is characterized by a A) highly positive emotional state.
B) flexible, relaxed attitude.
C) willingness to be interrupted.
D) certain amount of rigidity and stereotypy.
E) variable rather than steady heart rate.
Answer: D
Q4) A type of play that fathers are more likely than mothers to engage in is ____________ play.
Answer: rough and tumble
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Preschool Years: From 2 to 5
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Q1) Mildred Parten underestimated the ability of young children to engage in cooperative play.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Taking on imaginary roles helps children to control their own impulsive behavior. A)True
B)False
Q3) In dramatic play, the __________role is always defined in terms of a specific plan of action, such as preparer of dinner, firefighter, or monster.
Q4) Dramatic play has been found to have benefits for the preschool child in the areas of affective, intellectual, and social development. Describe the benefits of dramatic play in each of the three areas.
Q5) What is the relationship between play and the security of a child's attachment to its mother? Specifically, in what ways do securely attached children play that is less typical of children who are not as closely attached?
Q6) When young children play in traditional playgrounds, most of their time is spent in _________ play.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Play in Later Childhood and Adolescence
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Q1) More than _________ million children participate in youth sports every year in the United States.
Q2) Even by the beginning of adolescence, only about half of children's close friendships last longer than _________.
Q3) A _______ orientation emphasizes internal standards of mastery and self-improvement.
Q4) Teenagers are also more likely than adults to report that ________ is their favorite aspect of computer games.
Q5) Adolescent boys in the United States devote an average of an hour per day to sports participation, and girls devote the same amount of time to sports as boys do.
A)True B)False
Q6) Your uncle has decided to enroll your six-year-old cousin in a hockey league, because it will benefit the child's health and because "sports build character". Based on the available research on the subject, what would you tell your uncle about the value for children of sports participation?
Q7) How does adolescent play differ from, and how is it similar to, the play of younger children?
7
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Chapter 6: Gender Differences in Play
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Q1) Commercials designed to appeal to boys are louder than those that target girls, and more likely to depict scenes of _________.
Q2) While aggression in male toddlers is likely to draw a reaction from an adult, adults are most likely to _______ aggression in female toddlers.
Q3) In speaking to a parent group about the need to avoid gender stereotyping when buying toys for children, you are interrupted by someone in the audience who says, "It isn't parents who encourage stereotyping. We simply give them the toys they ask for". Is there research evidence to suggest that this parent may have a good point? Discuss the evidence.
Q4) After extensive analysis of the marble games of elementary school children, Piaget observed that games played by girls had fewer _______ than games played by boys.
Q5) Children who watch the greatest amount of television are likely to have the most gender-stereotyped toy preferences.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Discuss the research evidence in support of the belief that cultural factors are responsible for gender differences in toy preference.
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Chapter 7: Play in Special Populations
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Q1) How does the play of children who have been physically abused differ from that of victims of sexual abuse? How might these differences be explained?
Q2) Which type of hospital play program is based primarily on the assumption that children are better adjusted if they can release their feelings freely?
A) activity/recreation
B) diversionary
C) therapeutic
D) child development
E) child-life
Q3) Children with hearing difficulties often differ from other children in the amount of ___________ play they engage in.
A) sensorimotor
B) aggressive
C) make-believe
D) doll
E) rough-and-tumble
Q4) The goal of a ___________ play program is to encourage children not to think about being in a hospital.
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Chapter 8: Play and Intellectual Development
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Q1) Which of the following types of knowledge was probably encoded by enactive representation?
A) riding a bicycle or tying a knot in a necktie
B) solving a mathematics equation
C) conserving liquid
D) mentally measuring the width of a room
E) putting blocks back in their appropriate places on the shelf
Q2) Creative children display a number of characteristics. Which of the following is not one of those characteristics?
A) Persistence
B) A high energy level
C) Self-confidence
D) Independence of judgment
E) A high level of intelligence.
Q3) Describe the types of infant and toddler play materials that are predictive of successful performance on tests of development, as well as on later intelligence tests.
Q4) Divergent thinking is involved in creativity but convergent thinking is not.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Social Benefits of Play
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Q1) Creative movement experiences encourage children to improve in their overall social competence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Children rated as popular by their teachers are the most likely to have parents who engage in a good deal of physical play with them.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Parents of insecurely attached children have a number of characteristics. Which is not usually one of these characteristics?
A) irritability
B) depression
C) anxiety
D) lack of self-confidence
E) insensitivity.
Q4) When her pupils are at play, what clues might tell a kindergarten teacher that a particular child is having social interaction difficulties? What cautions should she or he observe in interpreting the child's play behavior?
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Chapter 10: The Uses of Play in Therapy
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Q1) The first person to use play in psychoanalytic therapy with children was
A) Melanie Klein.
B) Anna Freud.
C) Virginia Axline.
D) Sigmund Freud.
E) Hermine Hug-Hellmuth.
Q2) The relationship approach to psychotherapy was inspired by the work of the psychotherapist _______ ________.
Q3) In the technique known as mutual storytelling, the child would tell a story and then the therapist would
A) tell the story back with a more constructive resolution.
B) analyze the important elements of the story for the child.
C) ask the child to tell it again and include a more positive ending.
D) ask the child a series of questions about the story.
Q4) Psychologists warn about the danger in _________ children's art, and remind us that one creative work is never enough to tell the whole story about a child's psychological life.
Q5) Bibiliotherapy and mutual storytelling are identical to one another.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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