Psychology of Motivation
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
The Psychology of Motivation explores the underlying processes that drive human behavior, examining the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors that influence why we act, think, and feel as we do. This course investigates major theories of motivation, such as drive theory, Maslows hierarchy of needs, and self-determination theory, and applies them to real-life contexts including education, work, relationships, and health. Students will analyze intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, learn about the roles of emotion, cognition, and personality in motivational states, and critically evaluate research findings to better understand how motivation can be enhanced or hindered across different domains of life.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by
James E. Mazur
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13 Chapters
339 Verified Questions
339 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1767 Page 2
Chapter 1: History, background, and Basic Concepts
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27 Verified Questions
27 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35186
Sample Questions
Q1) Ebbinghaus's results suggest that continuing to recite a poem after you have learned it perfectly
A)will improve your ability to remember it later
B)will harm your ability to remember it later
C)will have no affect on your ability to remember it later
D)will interfere with your ability to learn other poems
Answer: A
Q2) According to Thomas Brown's secondary principles of association,learning is affected by
A)the length of time two stimuli are presented together
B)the liveliness or vividness of the stimuli
C)how frequently two stimuli have been presented together
D)all of the above
Answer: D
Q3) Long-term potentiation
A)is an increase in an animal's ability to learn
B)is an increase in the strength of an excitatory synapse
C)is a decrease in a neuron's rate of firing
D)never lasts for more than a few hours
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35187
Sample Questions
Q1) Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response
A)is caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the motor neurons to transmitter released by the sensory neurons
B)is caused by a decrease in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons
C)is caused by an increase in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons
D)is caused by an increase in the activity of interneurons
Answer: B
Q2) To qualify as a "human universal," a behavior must
A)be innate
B)be found in human cultures throughout the world
C)look exactly the same in human cultures throughout the world
D)all of the above
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experiments on US devaluation and US revaluation suggest that _____ associations are formed in typical classical conditioning with a CS and US.
A)context-US
B)context-CS
C)S-S
D)S-R
Answer: C
Q2) If some pictures are paired with positive adjectives and other pictures of faces with negative adjectives,a person may start to like the first set of faces and dislike the second.This is an example of
A)generalization
B)rapid reacquisition
C)evaluative conditioning
D)disinhibition
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Theories and Research on Classical Conditioning
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35189
Sample Questions
Q1) A limitation of the Rescorla-Wagner model is that it cannot predict
A)the overexpectation effect
B)the CS preexposure effect
C)inhibitory conditioning
D)overshadowing
Q2) Research on the effectiveness of different types of stimuli has shown that
A)taste stimuli are always easier to condition than visual stimuli
B)taste stimuli are always easier to condition than visual stimuli when the US is illness
C)taste stimuli are always easier to condition than visual stimuli when the US is shock
D)none of the above
Q3) Physiological studies of classical conditioning in rmammals have found that
A)the same parts of the brain are involved in different phenomena such as conditioned inhibition and blocking
B)the same parts of the brain are involved in different CRs such as eyeblinks and heart rate changes
C)the brain structures involved are the same as those in Aplysia
D)many different brain structures are involved in simple classical conditioning
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The biggest problem with the superstition explanation of autoshaped behaviors is that
A)autoshaped responses persist even when each response cancels the reinforce delivery
B)the autoshaped response is sometimes very different from the unconditioned response to the reinforcer
C)the form of the autoshaped response varies with the type of reinforcer that is used
D)autoshaped responses do not disappear with extensive training
Q2) Which of the following is not part of the three-term contingency-
A)operant response
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
Q3) When photographing cats escaping their puzzle box,Guthrie and Horton found evidence for
A)conditioned inhibition
B)spontaneous recovery
C)the stop-action principle
D)conditioned reinforcement
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Reinforcement Schedules: Experimental
Analyses and Applications
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28 Verified Questions
28 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a random-ratio 60 schedule,the maximum number of responses that might be required for reinforcement is
A)60
B)120
C)180
D)not predictable
Q2) If a person working at her computer keeps checking her email and occasionally gets a message from a friend,this is similar to a
A)fixed-ratio schedule
B)variable-ratio schedule
C)fixed-interval schedule
D)variable-interval schedule
Q3) Behavioral momentum can be measured as a behavior's
A)forcefulness
B)duration
C)rate of occurrence
D)resistance to change
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Avoidance and Punishment
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the one-factor theory of avoidance,
A)fear is essential for avoidance learning
B)an external CS that predicts the arrival of an aversive event is essential for avoidance learning
C)avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer
D)avoidance responding should never extinguish
Q2) To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior,the most effective schedule of punishment is
A)continuous punishment
B)fixed-ratio punishment
C)variable-ratio punishment
D)fixed-interval punishment
Q3) Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)omission
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9
Chapter 8: Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35193
Sample Questions
Q1) Some one-factor theorists have claimed that visceral responses such as heart rate
A)can be controlled by operant conditioning
B)can be controlled by classical but not operant conditioning
C)can be controlled by punishment but not reinforcement
D)none of the above
Q2) Giving an animal a chance to drink sweetened water might reinforce a lower-probability behavior but not reinforce a higher-probability behavior.Such a finding would be evidence against
A)drive-reduction theory
B)trans-situationality
C)Premack's principle
D)response-deprivation theory
Q3) Two-factor theorists have suggested that reinforcement
A)is at work in both classical and operant conditioning
B)is at work in classical but not operant conditioning
C)is at work in operant but not classical conditioning
D)is at work in neither classical nor operant conditioning
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Chapter 9: Stimulus Control and Concept Learning
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35194
Sample Questions
Q1) Students interested in improving their study habits should
A)study in many different locations to avoid boredom
B)force themselves to study for a certain time period (such as one hour)whether they feel like it or not
C)study a particular subject at different times on different days
D)none of the above
Q2) Spence's theory of stimulus control states that during discrimination training
A)an excitatory generalization gradient develops around the S
B)an inhibitory generalization gradient develops around the S
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
Q3) Taking into account all the different results,the most accurate position about the absolute and relational theories of stimulus control is
A)the absolute theory is definitely the correct one
B)the relative theory is definitely the correct one
C)animals are definitely capable of making relational judgments
D)animals are definitely not capable of making relational judgments
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Chapter 10: Comparative Cognition
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27 Verified Questions
27 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Weber's law,which of the following temporal discriminations would be the most difficult for an animal to learn-
A)a 20-second tone versus a 40-second tone
B)a 5-second tone versus a 7-second tone
C)a 1-second tone versus a 2-second tone
D)a 20-second tone versus a 40-second light
Q2) Research has suggested that rats in a radial-arm maze tend to use
A)prospective coding
B)retrospective coding
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b
Q3) Keeping track of what responses or tasks you need to make next is an example
A)proactive interference
B)retroactive interference
C)prospective coding
D)retrospective coding
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Chapter 11: Learning by Observation
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35196
Sample Questions
Q1) Recording children's television viewing habits early in life and comparing them to their aggressive tendencies later in life is an example of
A)anecdotal evidence
B)a field experiment
C)a longitudinal study
D)a confounding variable
Q2) Some studies have found that human infants can imitate facial expressions before the age of
A)3 weeks
B)3 months
C)6 months
D)1 year
Q3) Evidence for observational learning in the conservation task has been found
A)in people but not animals
B)in animals but not people
C)in both people and animals
D)in neither people nor animals
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Chapter 12: Learning Motor Skills
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35197
Sample Questions
Q1) Research findings suggest that when learning a new motor skill,using massed practice
A)is better than using distributed practice
B)is worse than using distributed practice
C)is helpful early in training but not later in training
D)is about equally effective as using distributed practice
Q2) If a golf instructor tells a student to slow down his backswing,this is an example of
A)qualitative KR
B)quantitative KR
C)irrelevant KR
D)knowledge of performance (KP)
Q3) In a continuous tracking task,such as tracing a line drawing,delay of visual feedback has
A)little or no effect on learning or performance
B)a small but temporary effect on the rate of learning
C)a small but permanent effect on performance
D)a large and permanent effect on performance
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Chapter 13: Choice
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/35198
Sample Questions
Q1) In a two-choice situation for pigeons,the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour,and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour.The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make _______ of its responses on the left key.
A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%
Q2) Pigeons are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer instead of an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if
A)both reinforcers are visible during the delay period
B)stimuli associated with the reinforcers are present during the delay period
C)some other,irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period
D)all of the above
Q3) According to Caraco's theory about risk taking,animals are
A)more risk prone when food is scarce
B)more risk prone when food is plentiful
C)more risk averse when they are hungry
D)none of the above
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Page 15