Psychology of Maladaptive Behavior
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Psychology of Maladaptive Behavior explores the origins, characteristics, and treatment of behaviors that deviate from societal norms and impair an individual's daily functioning. The course examines a range of psychological disorders including mood, anxiety, personality, and psychotic disorders through the lens of current diagnostic criteria, theoretical models, and research evidence. Students learn to critically consider biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that contribute to maladaptive behavior, and to analyze contemporary approaches to intervention and prevention. The course also emphasizes the importance of ethical issues, stigma reduction, and culturally competent practice in the assessment and treatment of psychological disorders.
Recommended Textbook
Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition by Thomas F. Oltmanns
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Chapter 1: Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior
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Q1) What were the two categories of the causes of mental disorders described by Samuel Woodward?
A)moral and physical
B)viral and bacteria
C)conscious and unconscious
D)poverty and lack of will power
Answer: A
Q2) In Europe during the Middle Ages,the mentally ill and mentally retarded were often
A)confined to large mental institutions or asylums.
B)imprisoned or placed in almshouses for the poor.
C)treated with respect and even worshipped.
D)viewed as pretty much the same as everybody else.
Answer: B
Q3) Explain how abnormal behavior can be defined in terms of statistical norms.
Answer: Statistical norms define abnormal behavior in terms of how common or rare it is in the general population.By this definition,people with unusually high levels of anxiety or depression would be considered abnormal because their experience deviates from the expected norm.
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Chapter 2: Causes of Abnormal Behavior
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Q1) _____________ have alternative forms known as alleles.
Answer: Genes
Q2) How did Jean Charcot treat patients with hysteria?
A)Medication
B)Hypnosis
C)Electric shock therapy
D)Therapy sessions
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following best illustrates reciprocal causality?
A)Parents influence their children and are also influenced by their own parents.
B)Parents influence their children both through heredity and through socialization.
C)Parents influence their children and children influence their parents.
D)Children are influenced both by their parents and by their peers.
Answer: C
Q4) Describe emotions and list the six basic emotions researchers have isolated to reduce our lexicon of feelings.
Answer: Emotions,internal feeling states,are essential to human experience and to our understanding of mental disorders.The six basic emotions are love,joy,surprise,anger,sadness,and fear.
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Chapter 3: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) According to research,what types of clients are most likely to improve?
A)the most disturbed clients,after several years
B)the most disturbed clients,in the first few months
C)intelligent,successful people,after several years
D)intelligent,successful people,in the first few months
Answer: D
Q2) In psychoanalytic therapy,what is supposed to happen to a patient's defenses?
A)They should be eliminated.
B)They should be left alone.
C)The healthier ones should be strengthened.
D)They should be replaced with resistance.
Answer: C
Q3) A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine,not being himself." The therapist encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings.What is the therapist's most likely theoretical framework?
A)cognitive-behavioral
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)psychodynamic
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
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Q1) Describe the three primary goals of clinical assessment procedures,and give an example of each.
Q2) An actuarial procedure of interpretation of psychological tests relies on
A)subjective ratings of clinical interviews.
B)current behavior rather than past behavior.
C)psychoanalytic interpretation of test results.
D)probability statements derived from empirical research.
Q3) Your text suggests the possibility that the eating disorder known as bulimia could be listed as a culture-bound syndrome; what fact best supports this view?
A)Eating rituals vary between cultures.
B)Bulimia is found primarily in developed Western cultures.
C)Bulimia is a rare condition.
D)The prevalence of eating disorders does not vary between countries.
Q4) A system that classifies mental disorders on the basis their qualitative differences is known as a
A)class approach.
B)dimensional approach.
C)categorical approach.
D)measurement approach.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Mood Disorders and Suicide
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Q1) Hypomania is an episode involving
A)high energy,but less severe than mania.
B)high energy,but more severe than mania.
C)low energy,but less severe than depression.
D)low energy,but more severe than depression.
Q2) What did Brown and Harris find when they followed women over a one-year period to study the link between depression and stressful life events?
A)None of those who experienced a severe life event became depressed.
B)Most of those who experienced a severe life event became depressed.
C)Although life events and depression were related,most people who experienced such events did not become depressed.
D)Although life events and depression were related,the results suggested that depression actually caused the life events.
Q3) What is the primary advantage of analogue studies in research on mood disorders?
A)They can use animals rather than humans.
B)They can employ an experimental procedure.
C)They are not subject to Ethics Review Boards.
D)They are highly generalizable to situations outside the laboratory.
Q4) What has research revealed concerning the rate of depression among the elderly?
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Chapter 6: Anxiety Disorders
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Q1) __________ are persistent,irrational,narrowly defined fears that are associated with specific objects or situations.
Q2) Current theories regarding the evolutionary significance of anxiety and fear suggest that
A)anxiety is viewed as often adaptive,but fear is not.
B)fear is viewed as often adaptive,but anxiety is not.
C)both emotional responses are adaptive in some circumstances.
D)neither emotional response is considered to be adaptive under any circumstances.
Q3) Which of the following drugs is the first-line treatment for panic disorder and social anxiety?
A)antianxiety drugs
B)anticonvulsants
C)barbiturates
D)SSRIs
Q4) Which category contains the drugs known as benzodiazepines?
A)antimanic
B)antipsychotics
C)antidepressants
D)minor tranquilizers
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Chapter 7: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders,
Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders
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Q1) In psychoanalytic theory,the symptoms of somatic symptom and dissociative disorders provide primary gain.This means that the symptoms
A)allow benefits such as missing work.
B)help the patient learn the sick role.
C)are more easily treated than other problems.
D)protect the conscious mind from painful conflicts.
Q2) Ray has the diagnosis of acute stress disorder; Bob has been diagnosed as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder.What is a major difference in their conditions?
A)Bob has had symptoms for longer than Ray has had symptoms.
B)Ray's symptoms are the result of a social stressor,not a natural stressor.
C)Bob's symptoms involve a greater level of autonomic nervous system activation.
D)Ray is likely to have more trouble sleeping than Bob,who is more likely to have appetite difficulties.
Q3) ____________ disorders are characterized by unusual physical symptoms that occur in the absence of a known physical illness.
Q4) Psychologists disagree as to the nature of hypnosis.Some see it as an altered state of consciousness,while others see it as merely an example of a social _________ .
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Chapter 8: Stress and Physical Health
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Q1) The case of Bob Carter,as presented in your textbook,is important because it shows
A)that Bob is destined for another heart attack since he declined counseling.
B)that stress and lifestyle are more important factors in heart attacks than genetic or physiological factors.
C)that complex interactions between behavioral choices and outside stressors impact a person's health.
D)that Bob's combination of genetic,behavioral,and personality factors made his heart attack inevitable.
Q2) Which of the following is the best automotive analogy for Walter Cannon's theory of chronic stress?
A)a car that has run out of gas and is damaged because stress keeps turning the key
B)a car in which the engine continues to race instead of idling down after running fast
C)a car that has enough gas but has a clogged fuel line; no fuel can reach its engine
D)a car that can not start because it has an electrical short in its ignition system
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Chapter 9: Personality Disorders
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Q1) During a case conference,one of the staff describes a patient as experiencing an "ego-dystonic" disorder.What is the most likely description of this patient?
A)He is distressed by his symptoms.
B)He views his symptoms as a moral failure.
C)He does not view his disorder as a problem.
D)He believes he can solve his own problems without a therapist's help.
Q2) Which personality disorder is characterized by a fear of separation from others who are looked to for advice and reassurance?
A)paranoid
B)dependent
C)borderline
D)schizotypal
Q3) What do we mean when we say a disorder is ego-syntonic?
Q4) The personality disorder with the lowest prevalence rate is
A)antisocial.
B)narcissistic.
C)psychopathy.
D)obsessive-compulsive.
Q5) Discuss the etiology of borderline personality disorder.
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Chapter 10: Feeding and Eating Disorders
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Q1) What patterns in the epidemiology of eating disorders suggest sociocultural influences on their development?
Q2) Third generation eating disorder prevention programs that have had the most success in reducing binge eating are ones that focus on __________ weight or eating programs.
Q3) Terrell will do almost anything for extra credit.He sees a sign recruiting participants for research on eating.When he inquires,he is told the study involves semi-starvation.He is a bit leery now,so he heads over to the library to read up on the topic.What he finds persuades him to look for other ways to earn extra credit.What did he find?
A)Semi-starvation experiments are associated with a high mortality rate.
B)The experience will lead to symptoms similar to posttraumatic stress disorder.
C)Semi-starvation permanently alters the biological mechanisms that control eating.
D)Participants are likely to develop obsessions and compulsions concerning food that continue after they return to their normal weight.
Q4) How does DSM-5 handle obesity and binge-eating disorder?
Q5) ____________ includes two subtypes; the restricting type and the binge eating/purging type.
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Chapter 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
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Q1) How does the rate of alcohol problems compare in men and women?
A)Although the difference in the rates is narrowing,the rate is still much higher among men.
B)The rate is much higher among males,and the difference in rates between males and females is growing larger.
C)Community surveys indicate that the rates are virtually identical.
D)Although in the past males have had much higher rates,females now have higher rates.
Q2) Which category of drugs is made up of those used to treat anxiety disorders and sleeping problems?
A)opiates
B)stimulants
C)benzodiazepines
D)selective serotonin reuptake blockers
Q3) Your textbook suggests that withdrawal from nicotine is on a par with withdrawal from A)heroin.
B)LSD.
C)marijuana.
D)sugar.
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Chapter 12: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders and Gender Dysphoria
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Q1) A female friend of yours is expressing great concern about the possibility that she might one day encounter an exhibitionist.To help her deal with her fears,you tell her that exhibitionists
A)rarely touch or otherwise molest their victims.
B)are only dangerous to people they know.
C)are only dangerous to women who are in the company of young children.
D)will always run away whenever their intended victim screams for help.
Q2) The compulsive and inflexible features of paraphilias make them similar to A)mood disorders.
B)addictions.
C)sexual dysfunctions.
D)antisocial personality disorder.
Q3) Explain why some paraphilias are considered by evolutionary psychologists to be "courtship disorders."
Q4) Which of the following situations is an example of necrophilia?
A)A man has sexual contact with a corpse.
B)A young man is sexually attracted to a woman's neck.
C)A woman is attracted to certain body parts of a man.
D)A woman has an interest in unusual sexual practices with men.
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Q5) The association of sexual arousal with nonliving objects is called __________.
Chapter 13: Disorders
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Q1) When does the prodromal phase of schizophrenia occur?
A)after the active phase
B)at the point of greatest disturbance
C)before active psychotic symptoms are present
D)when the patient is treated with neuroleptic medications
Q2) The most common age when symptoms of schizophrenia may initially appear is
A)before age three.
B)between six and ten years old.
C)in adolescence and early adulthood.
D)after age 40.
Q3) High rates of schizophrenia are found in groups that have A)migrated to a new country.
B)stayed in the same small town or village for their whole lifetime.
C)moved within a given country frequently.
D)frequently changed career goals.
Q4) Why is the new class of antipsychotic medications called "atypical"?
A)They do not produce extrapyramidal symptoms.
B)They are used for unusual types of schizophrenia.
C)They are effective for a small number of patients.
D)They are usually used for non-schizophrenic disorders.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Neurocognitive Disorders
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Q1) ____________ amnesia refers to the loss of memory for events prior to the onset of an illness or the experience of a traumatic event.
Q2) ____________ is a confusional state that develops over a short period of time and is often associated with agitation and hyperactivity.
Q3) A pathologist has just finished an autopsy and includes in her report a reference to "Lewy bodies." This means that in her autopsy,she has discovered
A)senile plaques filled with protein.
B)ballooning of nerve cells and enlarged areas between adjacent neurons.
C)rounded clumps of protein surrounded by masses of destroyed neural tissue.
D)rounded deposits in nerve cells often found in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease.
Q4) In mild neurocognitive disorder,the losses in fluid intelligence
A)are the same as those characteristic of normal aging.
B)are not yet noticeable.
C)exceed those characteristic of normal aging.
D)are the same as those in Alzheimer's disease.
Q5) Researchers have concluded that Alzheimer's disease is genetically heterogeneous.What does this mean?
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Chapter 15: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Q1) Many human characteristics,such as height,are distributed so the majority of scores fall in the middle of the distribution,with fewer extreme scores.What do we call this type of distribution?
A)bimodal curve
B)standardized curve
C)normal distribution
D)expected distribution
Q2) What evidence suggests that there is a genetic component to the etiology of ASD?
Q3) Which of the following is one of the classic symptoms of ASD?
A)"mongoloid" facial features
B)delayed physical development
C)impaired communication ability
D)inability to metabolize phenylalanine
Q4) Recent studies of the IQs of children with ASD indicate that approximately _____ percent of these children might also qualify for a diagnosis of intellectual disability.
Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders of Childhood
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Q1) How should we characterize separation anxiety in a one-year-old child?
A)a normal fear
B)highly unusual
C)a sign of pathology
D)not upsetting for the child
Q2) Which of the following is an example of an internalizing symptom?
A)sadness
B)fighting
C)talking back
D)hyperactivity
Q3) A psychologist is evaluating a child by first trying to determine if the child loses his temper,if he argues with adults,and if he is often spiteful and vindictive.To which disorder does the focus of the psychologist's evaluations lead?
A)conduct disorder
B)Tourette's syndrome
C)oppositional defiant disorder
D)attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Q4) ________ disorders are characterized by a child's feelings of anxiety,fear or prolonged sadness.
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Chapter 17: Adjustment Disorders and Life-Cycle Transitions
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Q1) Erik Erikson viewed the primary life task of young adulthood to be a struggle between
A)integrity and despair.
B)role confusion and identity.
C)generativity and stagnation.
D)intimacy and self-absorption.
Q2) Donna has experienced what her therapist calls clinically significant symptoms of stress.However,they are not severe enough to warrant classification as one of the mental disorders associated with traumatic stressors.In order for her insurance carrier to pay for her therapy,the therapist must provide a diagnosis.What diagnosis will the therapist report?
A)adjustment disorder
B)acute stress disorder
C)life-cycle transition
D)posttraumatic stress disorder
Q3) How would Erik Erikson describe the period of moratorium?
A)intimacy with a sexual partner
B)hard work and financial independence
C)uncertainty and experimentation with different roles
D)balance between independence and closeness with parents
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Mental Health and the Law
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Q1) The legal definition of insanity is
A)not the same as the psychological definition of mental illness.
B)essentially the same as the psychological definition of mental illness.
C)a requirement that must be met prior to voluntary commitment.
D)that a person who is insane is legally responsible for his or her actions.
Q2) What was the basis for the irresistible impulse test first used in the late nineteenth century?
A)the legal assumption that everyone knows right from wrong
B)the finding that the M'Naghten test was too broad
C)the finding that even though some people intellectually know that their behavior is illegal,they still can't control their behavior
D)the observation that some diagnoses are based on evidence of criminal behavior
Q3) Discuss how outpatient or community commitment meets some of the concerns of over paternalism and addresses some of the needs created by deinstitutionalization.
Q4) At what stage of criminal proceedings may the issue of competence be raised?
A)while the defendant is being read her/his Miranda Rights
B)prior to the preliminary hearing
C)prior to the sentencing phase of a trial
D)at many stages in the legal process
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