Psychology of Learning in Children Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental psychological principles underlying how children acquire, process, and retain knowledge. Topics include cognitive development, behavioral and social learning theories, motivation, memory, and the impact of family, culture, and educational environments on learning processes. Emphasizing both classic and contemporary research, the course examines individual differences in learning and the implications for teaching strategies and educational interventions, preparing students to better understand and support the diverse ways in which children learn.
Recommended Textbook
Children 13th Edition by John Santrock
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16 Chapters
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2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Imagining what it would be like to be a movie star is an example of a(n)_____ process of development.
A)biological
B)socioemotional
C)cognitive
D)integrative
Answer: C
Q2) Dr.Martin,a psychologist interested in studying children's memory,gave a memory test to a group of six-year-olds in 1995 and repeated the tests with the same children in 1998 when they were nine-year-olds.The research strategy used here was the _____ approach.
A)sequential
B)longitudinal
C)correlational
D)cross-sectional
Answer: B
Q3) Describe the five environmental systems discussed in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory.
Answer: The five environmental systems discussed in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory are:
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Which of the following statements concerning adoption studies is correct?
A)Adoption studies involve studying the behavioral similarity of identical twins raised together.
B)Adoption studies compare children's traits with their adoptive and biological parents' traits.
C)Adoption studies cannot be conducted on single children or siblings who are neither identical nor fraternal twins.
D)Adoption studies clearly show that environment is more important than heredity.
Answer: B
Q2) Upon completion of the Human Genome Project,childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease have been the focus of studies using
A)the genome-wide association method.
B)linkage analysis.
C)next-generation sequencing.
D)the visual-fixation method.
Answer: A
Q3) Describe two chromosomal abnormalities that affect only males.
Answer: Students' answers may vary.
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4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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Q1) Which of the following is TRUE regarding teratogens?
A)Teratogens cause anatomical defects after organogenesis is complete.
B)A fetus is most vulnurable to teratogens during the fetal period.
C)Practically every fetus is exposed to at least some teratogens.
D)Potential effects of most teratogens become apparent at birth.
Answer: C
Q2) If a mother has been diagnosed as having the AIDS virus,which of the following is most likely to be suggested to help reduce the likelihood that the AIDS virus will be transmitted to her fetus?
A)Testing the baby for infection early in the pregnancy
B)Vaccinating the fetus while in the womb
C)Treating the mother with AZT during pregnancy
D)Breastfeeding the baby as soon as it is born
Answer: C
Q3) Children born to cocaine-using mothers are likely to
A)be born with facial and limb deformities.
B)have neurological and cognitive deficits.
C)succumb to sudden infant death syndrome.
D)be born with heart defects.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Birth
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Q1) When babies are born,they are covered with a protective skin grease called A)Wharton's jelly.
B)vernix caseosa.
C)meconium.
D)lanugo.
Q2) Which of the following differentiates between the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)?
A)The NBAS must be used within minutes after birth to be accurate,while the NNNS can be used for infants between 0-3 years of age.
B)The NBAS was developed to assess normal,healthy,full-term infants,while the NNNS was developed to assess the "at-risk" infant.
C)The NBAS can be used in conjunction with prenatal diagnostic tests,while the NNNS can be used only after the birth of the baby.
D)The NBAS is used only for low birth weight infants,while the NNNS is used for preterm and small for date infants.
Q3) Compare and contrast natural and prepared childbirth methods.
Q4) How does kangaroo care benefit preterm infants?
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) Which of the following is a dramatic change in the brain in infants in the first two years of life?
A)Demyelination
B)Dendritic connectivity
C)Slowing of neural transmissions
D)Increase in density of synapses
Q2) List the changes in height and weight that take place during infancy.
Q3) Myelination for visual pathways is
A)completed in the first six months after birth.
B)completed after eight months of birth.
C)not completed till the first year.
D)not completed until four or five years of age.
Q4) The _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex function in vision.
A)parietal
B)frontal
C)occipital
D)temporal
Q5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of shared sleeping in infants?
Q6) What is intermodal perception? Which two senses are being used by Andrea to integrate information in the following scenario?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) Distinguish habituation from dishabituation.What is the significance of these concepts in the context of cognitive development in infants?
Q2) Which of the following actions is desirable for parents to encourage language development in children?
A)Parents should help infants and toddlers by supplying them with words and thoughts they cannot communicate.
B)Parents should speak to infants and toddlers in abstract and high-level ways.
C)Parents should understand that different children acquire language at different speeds.
D)Parents should actively discourage any idiosyncrasies the child shows while communicating.
Q3) In trying to understand the world,the child is constantly faced with inconsistencies and counterexamples to his or her existing schemes.This phenomenon is defined as A)disequilibrium.
B)deconstruction.
C)reactance.
D)disruption.
Q4) What is labeling?
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8
Chapter 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Julia,a two-year-old girl,looks at her mother for cues when she is offered a toy by a neighbor in order to decide whether to take it or not.If the mother looks happy,Julia might take the doll,and if she has a still response Julia will not take it.This behavior of Julia shows that she has developed
A)joint attention.
B)goal-oriented behavior.
C)social referencing.
D)reciprocal socialization.
Q2) When infants are stressed,they show better biological recovery from the stressors when their caregivers
A)are abusive.
B)are neglectful.
C)ignore them.
D)are sensitive.
Q3) According to your text,Japanese parents
A)encourage their children to laugh and cry.
B)try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions.
C)try to help their children cope after experiencing negative emotions.
D)are more expressive in their emotions than non-Latino White parents.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Communication in the brain is characterized by the transmission of information between A)schemes.
B)DNA.
C)genes.
D)neurons.
Q2) Which of the following is desirable with regard to prevention of obesity among children?
A)A restrictive feeding style
B)Parental perception of food as a reward for good behavior
C)Parental perception of their children's appropriate weight and body mass index
D)Parental perception of giving in to children's food preference as a proof of love
Q3) How can caregivers positively influence the eating behavior of young children?
Q4) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to structural changes in the brain in the 3-to-15-year age range?
A)Dramatic change in local patterns within the brain.
B)Rapid increase in the overall size of the brain.
C)Lack of any major anatomical changes in the brain.
D)Significant changes in the brain's structure occur only after puberty.
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Project Head Start was designed to provide children from low-income families with A)training in job-related skills to reduce reliance on public assistance programs.
B)low-cost meal programs so they would be physically ready to learn.
C)opportunities to freely choose better schools away from their neighborhood schools.
D)early opportunities to develop skills important for success in school.
Q2) Which of the following is the second substage of Piaget's preoperational stage of development?
A)The intuitive thought substage
B)The reverse socialization substage
C)The self-awareness substage
D)The symbolic function substage
Q3) What is a developmentally inappropriate educational practice? Give a suitable example.
Q4) What are some strategies for using books effectively with preschool children?
Q5) What are the factors that influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?
Q6) What is centration?
Q7) Describe the social constructivist approach.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Define self-understanding.In early childhood,how do children distinguish themselves from others?
Q2) Which of the following parenting styles is restrictive and emphasizes obedience and respect for work?
A)Indulgent parenting
B)Neglectful parenting
C)Authoritarian parenting
D)Authoritative parenting
Q3) In terms of conscience development,children are more likely to internalize the values of their parents when they exhibit a(n)_____ attachment.
A)secure
B)insecure avoidant
C)insecure resistant
D)insecure disorganized
Q4) What are the developmental consequences of child abuse?
Q5) How does neglectful parenting affect children's behavior?
Q6) How does parents' divorce affect children?
Q7) What does the gender schema theory state regarding gender development?
Q8) Describe the stages of moral development in children as delineated by Piaget? Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) Distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Q2) Increased myelination of the nervous system is reflected in the improvement of _____ during middle and late childhood.
A)gross motor skills
B)immunity
C)height
D)fine motor skills
Q3) Advances in the prefrontal cortex are linked to which of the following in children?
A)Increase in the length of limbs
B)Increase in body mass
C)Improved attention
D)Improved muscle growth
Q4) In a child with ataxia,a form of cerebral palsy,the muscles
A)often pull the limbs into contorted positions.
B)are always limp.
C)are rigid one moment and floppy the next moment.
D)are inflexible.
Q5) What is a learning disability?
Q6) What treatment is recommended by experts to children who are overweight?
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) Describe in general terms Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage.Then list and define the key characteristics of this stage.
Q2) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to learning a second language?
A)Adults make slower initial progress but their eventual success is greater than that of children.
B)Children's ability to pronounce a second language correctly increases with age.
C)The way children and adults learn a second language differs somewhat.
D)Bilingualism has detrimental effects on concept formation and cognitive flexibility.
Q3) Recent research links executive function,focused attention,emotion regulation,and empathy to A)genetics.
B)mindfulness.
C)weight lifting.
D)behavior medication.
Q4) Briefly describe metacognition.
Q5) Describe a few criteria that characterize gifted children.
Q6) Compare and contrast critical thinking and creative thinking.
15
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Chapter 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late Childhood
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Q1) What is a moral personality? Describe the components of a moral personality.
Q2) What are the developmental changes in emotions that children undergo during their elementary school years?
Q3) The care perspective of moral development was proposed by
A)Lawrence Kohlberg.
B)Carol Gilligan.
C)Jean Piaget.
D)Albert Bandura.
Q4) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to self-esteem?
A)Self-esteem and self-concept are terms with identical meaning and usage.
B)The impact of self-esteem on various positive outcomes is empirically proven.
C)A child's belief about his or her self-esteem is accurate and unchanging.
D)Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self and it is also called self-worth.
Q5) Which of the following groups of children is MOST likely to have serious adjustment problems later in life?
A)Neglected children
B)Popular children
C)Controversial children
D)Rejected children
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Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
A)STIs are best controlled by the use of withdrawal as a method of contraception.
B)Birth control pills and implants provide adequate protection from STIs.
C)STIs are contracted through any form of sexual contact.
D)All STIs are bacterial infections that can be treated with penicillin and other antibiotics.
Q2) Based on recommendations from the Allens,encouraging your teenager to engage in service learning opportunities falls under the suggestion to
A)provide them with opportunities to be contributors.
B)give candid,quality feedback to adolescents.
C)create positive adult connections with adolescents.
D)challenge adolescents to become more competent.
Q3) In terms of contraceptive use,which of the following is TRUE?
A)Contraceptive use increased significantly between 2003 and 2011.
B)Younger adolescents are more likely to use contraceptives.
C)Older adolescents are more likely to use contraceptives.
D)A large age gap between partners increased the use of contraceptives.
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Emma often shoplifts,as well as other petty crimes,with her group of friends.Even though she has heard that people eventually get caught while shoplifting,she feels that it will never happen to her.Emma's beliefs is characteristic of A)personal fable.
B)social comparison.
C)imaginary audience phenomenon.
D)perspective thinking.
Q2) Briefly describe the role of exploration,decision making,and planning in adolescents' career choices.
Q3) After his grandmother drove him to the video store to buy a new game,Caleb stayed and raked his grandmother's yard.Caleb was demonstrating A)forgiveness.
B)kindness.
C)empathy.
D)gratitude.
Q4) What are some developmental changes that characterize adolescents' career choices?
Q5) What are the changing values that are seen among adolescents today?
Q6) What is the role of parenting in the formation of religious beliefs?
Page 18
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The closest thing to a universal rite of passage in the United States is the A)first date.
B)college initiation ritual.
C)high school graduation ceremony.
D)18th birthday.
Q2) For many gay and lesbian youth,dating other-sex peers is
A)prohibited and may cause them intense shame.
B)more common for males than females.
C)a way to explore their sexual orientation.
D)discouraged by both same-sex and other-sex peers.
Q3) The new model of parent-adolescent relationship differs from the old one in that the new model
A)suggests that the adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds are isolated.
B)emphasizes that the parents are important support systems and attachment figures.
C)suggests that intense,stressful parent-adolescent conflict occurs throughout adolescence.
D)emphasizes that as adolescents mature,they detach themselves from parents.
Q4) Briefly describe parental monitoring.
Q5) Describe the nature of friendship in adolescence.
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