Psychology of Learning Exam Bank
Course
Introduction
Psychology of Learning explores the fundamental theories, principles, and research findings related to how humans acquire, process, and retain knowledge and skills. The course examines classical and operant conditioning, cognitive processes, social learning, motivation, and the influence of biological and environmental factors on learning. Students will analyze how learning theories apply to educational, clinical, and everyday contexts, while also evaluating the role of memory, attention, and reinforcement in shaping behavior and understanding.
Recommended Textbook
Cognition Exploring the Science of the Mind 7th Edition by Daniel Reisberg
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14 Chapters
942 Verified Questions
942 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Science of the Mind
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53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes.This method is called
A)logical inference.
B)reconstruction.
C)introspection.
D)mentalistic study.
Answer: C
Q2) Which technique was commonly used in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory?
A)introspection
B)physiological analysis
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning
Answer: A
Q3) Introspection was employed as a research tool in the late 1800s because
A)it was regarded as the only way to observe the mind's contents directly.
B)it provided data from individuals without any specialized training.
C)conscious events are just as important as unconscious events.
D)it provided cognitive psychology's first testable claims.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Neural Basis for Cognition
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78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The corpus callosum serves what major function?
A)processing sensory information
B)long-term memory
C)communication between hemispheres
D)emotion
Answer: C
Q2) Positron emission tomography (PET)scans show
A)continuous details of brain anatomy.
B)what a participant is thinking the moment the scan is taken.
C)brain areas that are currently consuming a particularly high level of glucose.
D)whether a participant is learning something new or remembering prior learning.
Answer: C
Q3) A synapse is
A)a message sent from one neuron to another.
B)part of a neuron's cell body.
C)made up of the end of one neuron's axon,another neuron's receiving membrane,and the gap between these two.
D)the name of the electric signal that occurs when a cell reaches its threshold.
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Visual Perception
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71 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher wishes to define the receptive field for a particular neuron in the visual cortex.To do this,the researcher will need to specify
A)the portion of the neuron that receives input from neighboring neurons.
B)an area in the visual field within which targets will cause the cell to fire.
C)where the neuron is located within the visual cortex.
D)the brain area from which the neuron is receiving its input.
Answer: B
Q2) Visual illusions often occur because of A)errors in retinal transduction.
B)the perceiver's interpretation of the input.
C)optical flaws in the cornea.
D)obstructions in the image.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following statements most accurately describes visual illusions?
A)Cognitive principles that generally help us can cause illusions in some cases.
B)Illusions are mostly beneficial to perception.
C)Illusions will not occur if you know how to avoid them.
D)Illusions can occur for shape and size,but not for color or brightness.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Recognizing Objects
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mistakes in word recognition occur within a feature net model of recognition.One reason for this is that the feature net encourages ________ over ________.
A)accuracy;efficiency
B)efficiency;accuracy
C)laziness;hard work
D)bottom-up processing;top-down processing
Q2) Top-down mechanisms suggest that
A)upright stimuli are processed faster than inverted stimuli.
B)faces are processed faster than other body parts or inanimate objects.
C)processing can be driven by knowledge and expectations.
D)incoming information about a stimulus activates feature detectors.
Q3) Describe the trade-off of efficiency versus accuracy in word recognition.Make sure to reference feature nets in your answer.Why is such a trade-off necessary?
Q4) The bigram layer of a feature net is
A)rigid,so that once it is created it can never be adjusted or modified.
B)something with which we are born.
C)the same for every language.
D)developed with experience.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Paying Attention
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60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean to say that attention is an "achievement" rather than a specific mechanism?
Q2) The frontal lobe has many functions.Which of the following is LEAST strongly associated with the frontal lobe?
A)orienting
B)alerting
C)executive control
D)shape processing
Q3) In dichotic listening experiments,some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participant's intention to ignore the message.Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through?
A)material that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content
B)mention of the participant's name
C)mention of a topic of personal importance to the participant
D)mention of a movie that the participant recently watched
Q4) Explain how stimulus-driven and expectation-driven processing contribute to the effect that priming has on attention.
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Chapter 6: The Acquisition of Memories and the
Work-Ing-Memory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Several researchers have compared brain activity during the learning process for words that were later remembered and words that were later forgotten.Which of the following is consistent with their findings?
A)Increased activity in the occipital cortex was associated with better retention.
B)Increased activity in the midbrain cortex was associated with better retention.
C)Increased activity in the hippocampus was associated with better retention.
D)Activity levels in the brain during the learning process were not predictive of subsequent retention.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT considered a modern change to the modal model of memory?
A)Sensory memory receives less emphasis than in the modal model.
B)The term "working memory" is preferred over the older term,"short-term memory."
C)Working memory refers to a process more than a storage system.
D)Working memory and long-term memory are considered the same construct.
Q3) Why is the term "working memory" now preferred over "short-term memory"?
Q4) Are flashcards an effective way to memorize information? Why or why not?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because of the effects of context-dependent learning,students might find it most beneficial to
A)use mnemonic devices as a study aid.
B)study only when entirely sober.
C)focus on their instructor's intended meaning rather than the exact words.
D)prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.
Q2) A participant is asked,"In the list of words I showed you earlier,was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she
A)used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words.
B)paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them.
C)paid attention to the appearance of the words when trying to memorize them.
D)relied on perceptual fluency when studying the words.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about the role the hippocampus plays in memory?
A)Hippocampus damage is associated with retrograde amnesia.
B)The hippocampus is important only for old memories from months and years back.
C)The hippocampus plays an important role in establishing new memories.
D)Korsakoff patients have little to no damage in hippocampal areas.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Remembering Complex Events
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Sample Questions
Q1) When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g. ,"bed," "rest," "slumber," "dream," "tired"),participants often (mis)recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g. ,"sleep").This procedure is commonly referred to as the
A)missing word illusion.
B)word superiority effect.
C)DRM procedure.
D)misinformation effect.
Q2) Imagine you are asked to testify at a trial as an expert on eyewitness memory.The defendant is charged with armed robbery,and the prosecution has presented a witness who says that shortly after the crime was committed,she saw the defendant running down the street with a bag in his hands.What would you tell the jury about the accuracy of eyewitness memory in your testimony?
Q3) Does the passage of time or interference have a larger impact on forgetting? Support your answer by providing empirical evidence,or by considering the challenges of answering such a question.
Q4) Are flashbulb memories different from other kinds of memories? Include in your answer a comparison of how flashbulb memories feel versus the actual data surrounding these memories.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Concepts and Generic Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fMRI evidence suggests that the brain areas that are activated when someone is thinking about inanimate objects will
A)be identical to the active areas for animate objects.
B)be different from the active areas for animate objects.
C)be localized to one hemisphere,while animate objects will be in the same region in the other hemisphere.
D)need to directly activate brain areas for animate objects before a categorization decision can be made.
Q2) Typicality is often used to determine category membership,but not always.Provide an example of an object that is typical of a category but does not belong to the category.Using the ideas described in the book,explain why it would not be included in the category despite its similarity to other category members.
Q3) Participants know that penguins are not typical birds,but they are certain that penguins are birds.This indicates that judgments about category membership
A)depend on a judgment of typicality.
B)are not settled entirely by an assessment of typicality.
C)rely on comparing the example to a prototype.
D)do not conform to the requirements of a definition.
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Chapter 10: Languag
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Sample Questions
Q1) In some cases factors outside the language (e.g. ,the setting in which a sentence occurs)can help us understand garden-path sentences.These factors are referred to as
A)syntactic organization.
B)noun phrasing.
C)wording.
D)extralinguistic context.
Q2) It is likely that you speak very differently to your grandmother than you do to your friends.Define the rules that govern your language choices,and describe how the situation influences which rules you use.
Q3) Stephen and Stephanie both have problems with speech.Stephen's disorder is characterized with speech such as "Um ...the ...ahhh ...I want ...green ...it's green." Stephanie's disorder is characterized with speech such as "It is easy because ...boys are looking but they look ...see the cat is with the boys and machines and purple." Stephen is most likely suffering from ________,while Stephanie is suffering from ________.
A)Wernicke's aphasia;Broca's aphasia
B)Wernicke's aphasia;specific language impairment
C)Broca's aphasia;Wernicke's aphasia
D)specific language impairment;Broca's aphasia
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Visual Knowledg
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67 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The textbook considers various arguments concerning the relationship between pictures and percepts.According to the text,pictures are
A)depictions,and percepts are descriptions.
B)descriptions,and percepts are depictions.
C)ambiguous,and percepts are organized and apparently unambiguous.
D)organized and thus unambiguous,and percepts are ambiguous.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true regarding how visual imagery affects the perception of other objects?
A)Visual imagery interferes equally with your ability to perceive visual and auditory stimuli.
B)Visual imagery can interfere with your ability to perceive auditory information,but not your ability to perceive visual information.
C)Visual imagery can either improve or interfere with your ability to perceive visual information,depending on the relationship between what you're visualizing and what you're trying to perceive.
D)Visual imagery does not interact with your ability to perceive.
Q3) Compare and contrast imagery and perception.In what ways are they similar? How do they differ?
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Chapter 12: Judgment and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before reading about an individual who has been diagnosed with depression,participants are told that the case is not at all typical.This instruction will
A)prevent participants from using the representativeness heuristic.
B)encourage participants to use the representativeness heuristic.
C)not affect participants' spontaneous use of the representativeness heuristic.
D)trigger Type 1 reasoning.
Q2) If Tabitha believes that detective television shows are more dramatic than hospital television shows,then confirmation bias would make her more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT
A)notice a detective television show that is dramatic.
B)overlook a hospital television show that is dramatic.
C)have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic detective television shows than dramatic hospital television shows.
D)have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic hospital television shows than dramatic detective television shows.
Q3) Describe the availability and representativeness heuristics,and provide real-life examples of each heuristic leading to an error.Explain why we would rely on these heuristics,if errors can (and do)occur.
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Chapter 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have tried to study the moment of illumination in the laboratory.The evidence indicates that
A)this experience cannot be observed reliably in laboratory conditions.
B)there is no systematic relationship between reports of illumination and actual progress in problem solving.
C)when participants report an illumination,they are at least as likely to be moving toward a dead end as they are to be moving toward the problem's solution.
D)when participants report an illumination,they have,in fact,made a discovery that will allow them to solve the problem.
Q2) One plan for solving a problem would be to consider every possible option,searching for the best solution.This broad plan is
A)usually the best way to proceed for solving complicated problems.
B)more effective with ill-defined problems.
C)usually ruled out by the sheer number of possible states within the problem space. D)often the only plan available.
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Chapter 14: Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following situations would reliance on routine most benefit performance?
A)When you're performing a task that is familiar and involves few decisions.
B)When you're performing a brand new,unfamiliar task.
C)When you're performing a task that requires frequent choices and adjustments.
D)When you're performing a task for which a routine is available but the current circumstances are ones in which it would be best to avoid the habitual routine.
Q2) Describe the benefits and dangers of unconscious processing.How does unconscious processing facilitate cognitive processing in everyday life? How can it lead to errors?
Q3) What does the available evidence tell us about the nature of introspection? Can people be trusted to know about the mental processes in which they engage? Why or why not? Provide examples to justify your position.
Q4) Which of the following contributes the LEAST to successful metamemory?
A)executive control
B)self-monitoring
C)conscious reflection
D)habitual responding
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Page 16