Psychology of Learning Exam
Answer Key
Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of how people and animals acquire new behaviors, knowledge, and skills. The course examines major learning theories including behaviorism, cognitive, social, and constructivist approaches while investigating classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, and the role of reinforcement and motivation. Students will analyze research findings on memory, attention, feedback, transfer of learning, individual differences, and developmental aspects impacting learning processes. By integrating research evidence with real-world examples, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and factors underlying learning across various contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by
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Page 2
E. Bruce
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) How is the term mind used in this statement: "When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind"?
A) The mind as involved in memory
B) The mind as problem solver
C) The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.
D) The mind as valuable, something that should be used
Answer: C
Q2) The main point of the Donders's reaction time experiments was to
A) show that reaction times can be measured accurately.
B) measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
C) determine differences in the way people react to stimuli.
D) show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.
A) rate of nerve firing
B) size of the nerve impulses
C) speed of nerve conduction
D) All of these are correct.
Answer: A
Q2) Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as A) myelin sheaths.
B) potentiated somas.
C) neural circuits.
D) spreading activations.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
A) Dendrites make direct contact with each other.
B) A chemical process takes place in the synapse.
C) An electrical process takes place in the receptors.
D) Action potentials travel across the synapse.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Q1) Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
A) mirror neurons.
B) natural selection.
C) scene schema.
D) pragnanz.
Answer: C
Q2) If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?
A) the oven
B) the cake
C) the flour
D) the flavor
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
A) Many parts make up a whole.
B) Truth is relative.
C) Apparent motion is due to sensation.
D) The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Q1) Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people
A) could focus on a message only if they are repeating it.
B) could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it.
C) could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
D) could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.
Q2) Compare and contrast stimulus salience and scene schemas. Give an example using one visual stimulus to identify elements that fit each category.
Q3) Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?
A) the detector of Broadbent's filter model
B) the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
C) the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model
D) the synchronization stage of the executive attention network
Q4) Define selective attention, divided attention, and attentional capture. Give an example of each to support your thinking.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Q1) The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
A) experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.
B) knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.
C) expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material.
D) chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
Q2) Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during A) stimulus presentation.
B) delay.
C) response.
D) encoding.
Q3) Compare and contrast the concepts of short-term memory and working memory. How do the models of each concept differ and why?
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Q1) A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
A) recognizing famous people.
B) remembering the meaning of some words.
C) recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
D) remembering graduating from college.
Q2) Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.
A) images; sounds
B) implicit; explicit
C) knowing; remembering
D) fragile; permanent
Q3) Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
A) long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired.
B) impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.
C) a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory.
D) short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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Q1) The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
A) lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.
B) produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. C) cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.
D) lead to effective autobiographical memories.
Q2) Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
A) tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
B) effect of proactive interference.
C) way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
D) way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.
Q3) Explain the logic behind the statement that "the pen is mightier than the keyboard." Be sure to include concepts related to long-term memory in your response.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Q1) The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
A) is better for vivid descriptions.
B) is like a tape recording.
C) depends on the participant's mood.
D) involves making inferences.
Q2) Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories A) arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
B) occur for details but not for entire events.
C) occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances.
D) do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.
Q3) Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as A) narrative rehearsal.
B) cryptoamnesia.
C) repeated reproduction.
D) repeated recall.
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Q1) Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.
A) prototype
B) exemplar
C) definitional
D) family resemblance
Q2) According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?
A) Category priming
B) Storage capacity
C) Sensory reactivation
D) Synapse activity
Q3) The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.
A) subordinate
B) graded
C) distributed
D) fragile
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Q1) Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
A) there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.
B) perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.
C) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.
D) perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
Q2) Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________.
A) topography
B) chronometry
C) imagery
D) scanning
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Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence.
Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture.
Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.
The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect.
A) trial 2; word frequency
B) trial 1; word frequency
C) trial 2; word superiority
D) trial 1; word superiority
Q2) B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
A) parsing.
B) genetic coding.
C) syntactic framing.
D) reinforcement.
Q3) Conversation is often described as a "give and take" that is generally more effective when people are "on the same page." Explain these concepts from the perspective of cognitive psychology. Provide examples to support your ideas.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Q1) Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they
A) made the objects themselves.
B) had received training in creative thinking.
C) had been preselected as "creative" individuals.
D) were told they were expected to be creative.
Q2) What are potential drawbacks to group brainstorming? What strategies could be used to address these issues?
Q3) Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as A) intermediate states.
B) subgoals.
C) operators.
D) mental sets.
Q4) The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT
A) initial state.
B) operators.
C) goal state.
D) intermediate states.
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Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Q1) Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to A) break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend.
B) go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball.
C) buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.
D) take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course.
Q2) The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's
A) innate language abilities.
B) ability to work well with a group of others.
C) innate reasoning abilities.
D) tendency to detect when others are cheating.
Q3) Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)
A) representativeness heuristic.
B) availability heuristic.
C) illusory correlation.
D) permission schema.
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