Psychology of Learning Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning explores the fundamental processes by which individuals acquire new knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors. This course examines major theories of learning, including classical and operant conditioning, social learning, and cognitive approaches, with an emphasis on their historical development and empirical research findings. Students will analyze the roles of motivation, memory, reinforcement, and individual differences in learning, and apply these concepts to real-world educational, clinical, and organizational settings. The course also addresses contemporary issues in learning such as neurobiological perspectives and technology-enhanced learning environments.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Behavior 7th Edition by Paul Chance
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Chapter 1: Introduction: Learning to Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Darwin suggested that natural selection is analogous to A) breeding.
B) chemical synthesis.
C) history.
D) learning.
Answer: A
Q2) Your text views learning as a change in the brain that is represented in behavior. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Behavior refers to anything a person or animal does that can be A) changed.
B) described.
C) measured.
D) photographed, tape recorded, or filmed.
Answer: C
Q4) Learning is a change in behavior due to ________.
Answer: experience
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Chapter 2: The Study of Learning and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Speed and rate are different terms for the same measure of learning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Marjorie drives a school bus. Sometimes the kids get rather noisy. She decides to play music the kids like through speakers on the bus, but whenever the kids get too noisy she turns the music off. When they quiet down, she turns the music back on. In this way, she hopes to get the kids to make less noise. Marjorie is probably going to measure learning as a change in response _________.
A) topography
B) intensity
C) speed
D) rate
Answer: B
Q3) Any variable that is allowed to vary freely is a(n) __________ variable.
A) autonomous
B) dependent
C) independent
D) synchronous
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Pavlovian Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, the more intense a US, the __________.
A) faster conditioning proceeds
B) slower conditioning proceeds
C) more intense the CS
D) less intense the CS
Answer: A
Q2) One way to determine if conditioning has occurred is to present the CS alone. Each such presentation is called a(n) ______ trial.
A) extinction
B) experimental
C) test
D) pseudo-
Answer: C
Q3) Spontaneous recovery is associated with _______.
A) higher-order conditioning
B) latent inhibition
C) extinction
D) preconditioning
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Pavlovian Applications
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Sample Questions
Q1) Barbara Rothbaum and colleagues used virtual reality exposure therapy to treat a fear of __________.
A) snakes
B) dogs
C) spiders
D) flying
Q2) If a person sneezes after coming close to a realistic-looking artificial flower, you can be pretty sure that he or she is__________.
A) allergic to plastic
B) allergic to pollen
C) faking
D) nearsighted
Q3) The research that is most helpful in understanding racial prejudice is probably that of __________.
A) Watson and Rayner
B) Garcia
C) Pavlov
D) Staats and Staats
Q4) VRET stands for _________.
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Chapter 5: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Negative reinforcement is also called _______.
A) punishment
B) aversive training
C) escape-avoidance training
D) reward training
Q2) Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.
A) drive reduction theory
B) relative value theory
C) response deprivation theory
D) equilibrium theory
Q3) Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.
A) free
B) higher-order
C) instrumental
D) reward
Q4) People can learn to behave randomly provided that reinforcers are made contingent on random acts.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Negative reinforcement is sometimes called ______ learning.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Reinforcement: Beyond Habit
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Sample Questions
Q1) Skinner and two students discovered shaping in the course of teaching a pigeon to ________.
A) dance
B) bowl
C) jump rope
D) peck at a sign that said, "Peck."
Q2) The author of your text probably believes that most childhood tantrums are due to unintentional shaping by adults.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Robert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______.
A) laziness
B) helplessness
C) incompetence
D) industriousness
Q4) Describe how you would use shaping to train a pigeon to hop on one foot.
Q5) Karen Pryor demonstrated that she could reinforce novel behavior. Her subjects were ________.
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Chapter 7: Schedules of Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extinction often increases the variability of behavior. Completion
A)True
B)False
Q2) How might you use what you know about reinforcement schedules to study the effects of air temperature on behaviorinferred, but see 225; figure 7-12)
Answers should indicate an understanding of the value of schedule-induced steady rates to study the effects of independent variables, such as air temperature.
Q3) The more effort a behavior requires, the fewer times the behavior will be performed during extinction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a multiple schedule, the organism is forced to choose between two or more reinforcement schedules.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A teacher has a student who gives up at the first sign of difficulty. How can the teacher increase the child's persistence?
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Chapter 8: Operant Procedures: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) When disciplining their son, Jacob, Mr. and Ms Grinch begin with an extremely mild form of punishment and gradually increase its strength if the offenses continue. This procedure is likely to Result in _______.
A) violent outbursts from Jacob
B) confusing Jacob
C) the use of excessively strong aversives
D) a rapid suppression of the unwanted behavior
Q2) In using punishment, it is best to begin with a weak punisher and gradually increase its strength as needed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is ______.
A) DRZ
B) DRI
C) DRL
D) DRA
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Chapter 9: Operant Applications
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Sample Questions
Q1) John gets into fights on a regular basis, always with formidable opponents. He has often been injured in these fights and knows that he runs the risk of sustaining serious brain damage or other permanent injuries, yet he continues to fight. John is a very successful professional boxer. This example illustrates that bizarre behavior _________.
A) can be a good way of making a living
B) is incomprehensible
C) is less puzzling when the reinforcers maintaining it are known D) is sometimes a good solution to the problems people face
Q2) The author of your text suggests that the worst orphanages illustrate the importance of operant learning to normal child development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Delusions are often thought of as the products of a disordered "inner world," but operant learning research suggests that they are the products of a disordered
Q4) How could you use operant procedures to improve the adoption rate of orphans aged five to twelve?
Q5) CIMT stands for______________.
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Chapter 10: Observational Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by ______.
A) Ivan Pavlov
B) E. L. Thorndike
C) John B. Watson
D) Carl Warden
Q2) Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________.
A) ignored the irrelevant acts
B) imitated the irrelevant acts
C) performed original irrelevant acts
D) failed to solve the problem
Q3) The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did no better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The tendency to imitate modeled events that are irrelevant to solving a problem is called _______.
Q5) In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
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Chapter 11: Generalization, Discrimination, and Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) An ________ is a stimulus that indicates that a particular behavior will be reinforced.
A)S<sup> </sup>
B) S<sup>0</sup>
C) S-
D) S<sup>D</sup>
Q2) The effects of reinforcement generalize, but the effects of extinction and punishment do not.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The flatter the generalization curve, the greater the degree of generalization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Concepts involve both generalization and discrimination.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the DOE and its implications for discrimination training.
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Q6) Some people argue that stimulus control suggests that people are robots controlled by environmental events. How could you argue against this position?
Chapter 12: Forgetting
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably____________ .
A) Krueger
B) Ebbinghaus
C) Underwood
D) Dunlap
Q2) The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B when presented with A.
A) AB
B) ABA
C) paired associate
D) conjoined stimulus
Q4) The names of the Great Lakes can be recalled with help of the acronym, _______.
A) HURON
B) HOMES
C) HOUSE
D) MOUSE
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Limits of Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) John has difficulty training a raccoon to pick up coins and put them in a bank. It is most likely that _________.
A) the raccoon lacks the intelligence to learn this task
B) the raccoon was contraprepared to learn this task
C) this task had to be learned during a critical period
D) raccoons lack the ability for insightful problem solving
Q2) Allen and Beatrice Gardner taught a chimpanzee to _________.
A) use sign language
B) speak
C) read and write
D) communicate with geometric forms
Q3) Harry and Martha Frank found that on barrier problems dogs did not perform as well as _________.
A) wolves
B) coyotes
C) foxes
D) otters
Q4) How might preparedness to learn be nonadaptive?
Q5) Does learning inevitably mean progresshy or why not?
Q6) _______was one of the first to study imprinting.
Page 15
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