Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning Chapter Exam
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Psychology of Learning examines the fundamental principles and theories that explain how humans acquire, process, and retain knowledge and skills. This course explores classical and operant conditioning, cognitive and social learning theories, and contemporary perspectives on motivation and memory. Students analyze how learning processes occur across different environments and stages of development, incorporating both historical foundations and current research. Emphasis is placed on the application of learning theory to educational, clinical, and everyday contexts, enabling students to critically evaluate and implement strategies that enhance learning outcomes.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Q1) Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?
A)Freud
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Pavlov
Answer: B
Q2) Mary is recovering from a hand injury and trying to increase the strength of her grip.The strength of her grip is an example of:
A)latency
B)frequency
C)intensity
D)duration
Answer: C
Q3) Behavior is defined as:
A)actions of a person
B)what a person says and does
C)a person's mental processes
D)a and b are both correct
Answer: D
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Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Frequency,duration,intensity,and latency are __________________ of behavior.
A) states
B) dimensions
C) phases
D) qualities
Answer: B
Q2) A behavior does not have an impact on the environment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) In behavior modification,what a person says and does is referred to as:
A) behavior
B) effort
C) motivated acts
D) intention
Answer: A
Q4) Behavior modification treatments are implemented by persons in everyday life.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) Continuous recording involves:
A)recording the behavior in consecutive intervals of time
B)recording each instance of the behavior
C)recording the product of the behavior
D)interval and time sample recording
Answer: B
Q2) When observing and recording behavior,the observer:
A)can be the person engaging in the behavior
B)can be a person other than the person engaging in the behavior
C)must be present when the behavior occurs
D)all of these
Answer: D
Q3) When the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change,even before any treatment is implemented,it is called:
A)observer bias
B)observational influence
C)reactivity
D)recording error
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Q1) If an observation period is divided into a number of time periods,and the behavior is recorded during only part of each interval it is called _____________ recording.
A) interval
B) continuous
C) product
D) time sample
Q2) Describe how you would conduct real-time recording.
Q3) Which of the following can be used as a recording instrument?
A) paper and pencil
B) golf stroke counter
C) stopwatch
D) all of these
Q4) Recording how long a person studies is an example of intensity recording.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Provide an example of frequency recording,duration recording,and latency recording.
Q6) Merlin counted the number of times that he picked his nose each day.What dimension of behavior was he recording? _____________________________
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Q1) In which research design is treatment staggered over time?
A)A-B-A-B
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)multiple baseline
Q2) An A-B design:
A)demonstrates a functional relationship
B)does not demonstrate a functional relationship
C)is a research design
D)is used to compare two treatments
Q3) In a __________________ design,the same behavior of the same subject is being recorded in baseline and treatment phases in two or more different settings,and treatment is staggered across the settings.
A)multiple baseline across settings
B)multiple baseline across behaviors
C)multiple settings
D)A-B-A-B
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which dimension(s)of behavior can be graphed?
A) frequency
B) duration
C) intensity
D) all of these
Q2) Billy has trouble sitting still in class,so his teacher implements a program in which she praises Billy for staying in his seat.Billy's sitting behavior increases,and the teacher concludes her praise was responsible.The teacher does not realize Billy has started taking medication that causes fatigue.The medication would be an example of a(n)__________ variable.
A) independent
B) extraneous
C) dependent
D) behavioral
Q3) In an alternating treatments design,the baseline is implemented for a long period of time and then the treatment is implemented for a long period of time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) _______________ demonstrated the 'law of effect," one of the earliest demonstration of reinforcement.
A)Thorndike
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Watson
Q2) A student in a special education classroom receives a reinforcer (a token)after every five correct responses on her math worksheet.This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
A)CRF
B)FR
C)VR
D)FI
Q3) In negative reinforcement,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is strengthened.
A)provided
B)increased
C)added
D)removed
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Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Q1) In _________________ reinforcement,a stimulus is presented following the behavior to strengthen the behavior.
Q2) In positive reinforcement,what happens immediately following the occurrence of the behavior?
Q3) The consequence that strengthens an operant behavior is a(n)__________.
Q4) A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses on the average is __________________.
Q5) Which of the following processes strengthen a behavior?
A) positive reinforcement
B) punishment
C) negative reinforcement
D) A and C
Q6) A(n)_________________ schedule of reinforcement is used when a person is learning a new behavior.
Q7) A conditioned reinforcer is a reinforcer that is effective without any prior learning or conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
Q8) A(n)_________ is a behavior strengthened through the process of reinforcement.
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Q1) When extinction occurs for a positively reinforced behavior:
A)the aversive stimulus is no longer removed following the behavior
B)the positive reinforcer is no longer delivered following the behavior
C)the aversive stimulus is removed following the behavior
D)the positive reinforcer is delivered following the behavior
Q2) When a behavior is decreased with extinction but later occurs again,the phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)reinstatement
C)spontaneous renewal
D)reinforcement
Q3) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
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Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Q1) In extinction,the __________________ is eliminated following the occurrence of the behavior.
Q2) Which of the following factors does NOT influence the extinction process?
A) the schedule of reinforcement before extinction
B) reinforcement after extinction
C) the frequency of the behavior
D) B and C
Q3) When extinction is used following intermittent reinforcement,the behavior will be more resistant to extinction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___________________________ is the name of the phenomenon that happens when the behavior occurs again in the future after it had been eliminated with extinction.
Q5) Extinction of a negatively reinforced behavior involves continuation of the _______ following the behavior.
A) aversive stimulus
B) reinforcer
C) conditioned stimulus
D) negative stimulus
12
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Q1) While changing a light bulb,Martha stuck her finger in the light socket and got a shock.As a result,she never again put her finger in a light socket.This is an example of:
A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)extinction
Q2) In negative punishment,a stimulus is ____________ following the behavior and the behavior is weakened (less likely to occur in the future).
A)provided
B)increased
C)added
D)removed
Q3) ________________ is a stimulus that became a punisher by being paired with an unconditioned punisher or conditioned punisher.
A)conditioned punisher
B)conditioned reinforcer
C)unconditioned reinforcer
D)unconditioned punisher
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Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) An unconditioned punisher is .
Q2) Punishment by application is another name for _______________ punishment.
Q3) Punishment is defined as_________________ .
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a problem with using punishment in behavior modification?
A) it can lead to escape behaviors
B) it may evoke emotional reactions
C) it may be negatively reinforcing
D) it is used to harm individuals
Q5) The Premack principle applied to punishment is defined as _______________.
Q6) If a behavior occurs and it is immediately followed by a consequence that makes the behavior less likely to occur in the future it is called:
A) negative reinforcement
B) extinction
C) punishment
D) none of these
Q7) For punishment to be most effective,the consequences must follow the behavior immediately.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
Q2) An S<sup>D</sup> ______________ a behavior.
A)evokes
B)reinforces
C)punishes
D)extinguishes
Q3) A ______________ involves a relationship among an antecedent stimulus,a behavior,and the consequence of the behavior.
A)three-term contingency
B)schedule of reinforcement
C)extinction burst
D)discriminative stimulus
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Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) When a(n)_____________ is present the behavior is less likely to occur.
Q2) What is a discriminative stimulus?
Q3) Whenever Tommy has a babysitter and asks to stay up past his bedtime,the babysitter lets him.Whenever Tommy asks his parents to let him stay up past his bedtime,they do not let him.As a result,Tommy only asks the babysitter if he can stay up past his bedtime.The presence of the babysitter at bed time is referred to as a(n)__________ for asking to stay up late:
A) stimulus class
B) S-delta
C) reinforcer
D) discriminative stimulus
Q4) A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Generalization is associated with ____________ stimulus control.
A) strong
B) unique
C) broad
D) specific
Page 16
Q6) What are the 2 steps involved in stimulus discrimination training?
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) Pavlov paired the sound of a metronome with meat powder in a dog's mouth.As a result,the dog started salivating to the sound of the metronome.Later,Pavlov presented the metronome without the meat powder.Eventually,the dog quit salivating when it heard the metronome.Days later when the dog heard the metronome again,it salivated again.This is an example of:
A)higher order conditioning
B)stimulus control
C)resurgence
D)spontaneous recovery
Q2) An unconditioned stimulus elicits a(n):
A)discriminative stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned response
D)operant behavior
Q3) In which type of conditioning does the neutral stimulus precede the US and overlap with the US?
A)trace conditioning
B)delay conditioning
C)simultaneous conditioning
D)backward conditioning
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Q1) In behavior modification,operant conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________ and respondent conditioning involves the manipulation of
A) consequences;antecedent stimuli
B) antecedent stimuli;consequences
C) causes;effects
D) effects;causes
Q2) When a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS,the neutral stimulus will become a CS and elicit a CR.This process is called.
A) spontaneous recovery
B) respondent extinction
C) higher-order conditioning
D) operant-respondent interaction
Q3) If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus it is referred to as ____________ conditioning.
A) backward
B) forward
C) delay
D) trace
Q4) Define respondent extinction.
Page 19
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Chapter 9: Shaping
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Q1) A successive approximation is a ___________________________.
A)target behavior
B)a shaping step
C)starting behavior
D)conditioned response
Q2) ________________ is defined as differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior.
A)shaping
B)discrimination training
C)stimulus control
D)intermittent reinforcement
Q3) What does it mean to use differential reinforcement with a successive approximation?
A)reinforce the previous approximation and use extinction for the current approximation
B)reinforce the current approximation and use extinction for the previous approximation
C)reinforce the current approximation and use extinction for the next approximation
D)all of these
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Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Q1) Shaping would not be used if a person could benefit from instructions or modeling.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During shaping what is responsible for the emergence of novel behaviors?
A) respondent conditioning
B) extinction burst
C) instructions
D) successive approximations
Q3) Which of the following strategies is used when a target behavior is not occurring at all?
A) differential reinforcement
B) respondent conditioning
C) punishment
D) shaping
Q4) Which of the following indicates it is time to move from one shaping step to the next?
A) the individual is successfully engaging in the behavior
B) the individual is having difficulty with the approximation
C) the individual asks to move to the next step
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Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) What is the gradual elimination of a prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q2) Two types of stimulus prompts are:
A)verbal and gestural
B)modeling and physical
C)within stimulus and gestural
D)within-stimulus and extrastimulus
Q3) In which procedure do you gradually remove the stimulus prompt as the correct behavior occurs in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)stimulus fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) When the correct behavior occurs at the right time without any assistance,___________ has occurred.
Q2) Which of the following is (are)necessary for prompting and transfer of stimulus control to be considered complete?
A) prompts have been completely removed B) behavior is under control of the natural discriminative stimulus C) behavior consistently occurs when the prompt is presented D) A and B
Q3) If a baseball coach throws slower pitches to his players at first to help them hit the ball,this is called a(n)___________- stimulus prompt.Plastic outlet covers to prevent children from playing with outlets,is a(n)___________- stimulus prompt.
Q4) A prompt should be delivered ____________ the discriminative stimulus and ____________ the behavior.
A) after ;before B) before;after C) before;before D) after;after
Q5) What is a stimulus prompt?
Q6) Identify four types of response prompts.
Page 23
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Q1) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q2) Which procedure is used to teach a person to engage in the sequence of behaviors involved in a stimulus-response chain?
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q3) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
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Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Q1) Each response in a behavioral chain creates the stimulus situation that is the discriminative stimulus for the next response.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Total task presentation teaches one component of the chain at a time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Total task presentation works best for long and complex tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In task analysis,the 1st step is to identify the discriminative stimulus associated with each behavior in the chain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Graduated guidance is typically used with:
A) backward chaining
B) forward chaining
C) total task presentation
D) all of these
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) What type of assessment should be used to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral skills training??
A)self-report assessment
B)in situ assessment
C)self-monitoring
D)indirect assessment
Q2) When does in situ training take place?
A)before instructions and modeling
B)after instructions and modeling
C)immediately after a behavioral skills training session
D)when the learner fails to use the skills during and in situ assessment
Q3) Which is NOT an important characteristic of instructions?
A)instructions should be given when the learner is paying attention
B)instructions should be complex so they convey the most information
C)instructions should be delivered by someone with credibility
D)all of these
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) After a person rehearses a behavior,it is best to immediately criticize some aspect of the person's performance so that the person learns what he/she did wrong.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In behavioral skills training procedures,feedback is defined as ___________ for correct performance and ___________ for improving performance.
Q3) Which of the following is (are)true concerning the component of modeling?
A) the learner must have an imitative repertoire
B) it is usually sufficient to produce long term change
C) it may be live or symbolic
D) A and C
Q4) Why is it important for the learner to repeat instructions?
Q5) What is the behavioral procedure called that involves the use of instructions,modeling,rehearsal,and feedback?
A) behavioral skills training procedure
B) behavioral acquisition procedures
C) functional,nonaversive procedures
D) all of these
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) Using behavioral interviews or questionnaires to gather information of the antecedents and consequences of the problem behavior is which functional assessment method?
A)indirect
B)direct observation
C)in situ assessment
D)experimental (functional analysis)
Q2) Jake hits his brother and gets scolded by mom.As a result he is more likely to hit his brother.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q3) Which is NOT functional assessment method?
A)indirect methods
B)direct observation methods
C)functional relationship methods
D)experimental methods
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functioning Assessments
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Q1) Manipulation of antecedents and consequences is involved in ___________.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an advantage of indirect functional assessment methods?
A) they are relatively easy to conduct
B) they do not require a lot of time
C) interview formats and questionnaires are available
D) they rely on the memory of informants
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a method used in conducting a functional assessment?
A) experimental manipulation
B) indirect assessment
C) direct observation
D) systematic assessment
Q4) A treatment plan can be derived from a functional assessment.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Behavior is lawful.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are descriptive assessments? Page 29
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Page 30
Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Caregivers are more likely to implement extinction with fidelity if the behavior analyst gets them to "buy in" to the procedure.What does it mean to have buy in?
A)the caregiver pays for services and the cost makes the caregiver more likely to implement the procedure correctly
B)the care giver finds the treatment acceptable
C)the caregiver understands the procedure
D)all of these
Q2) An extinction procedure should always be used in conjunction with a(n)______________ procedure.
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus control
C)in situ training
D)in situ assessment
Q3) When the behavior is negatively reinforced,what happens after the behavior when you use extinction?
A)the person no longer gets the positive reinforcer following the behavior
B)the person no longer escapes from the aversive stimulus following the behavior
C)the person gets attention
D)the person gets escape
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Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Q1) A problem behavior will be less resistant to extinction when it is reinforced on a ______________ schedule prior to extinction.
A) fixed interval
B) continuous
C) variable interval
D) intermittent
Q2) Extinction is by far the easiest behavior modification procedure to use.
A)True
B)False
Q3) __________________________ is a procedure that involves removing the sensory reinforcer maintaining the target behavior in an attempt to decrease the target behavior.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true concerning sensory extinction?
A) it is used when the reinforcer for the behavior is social
B) it is used when the reinforcer involves sensory stimulation
C) it involves changing or eliminating sensory stimulation
D) it has been used with children with autism and developmental disabilities
Q5) An extinction procedure should be used in conjunction with a(n)___________ procedure.
Page 32
Q6) What is sensory extinction? When would you use a sensory extinction procedure?
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In full session DRL:
A)the reinforcer is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occurs in the session
B)the reinforcer is delivered if a specified amount of time occurs between responses
C)the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior
D)all of these
Q2) ___________________ is a preference assessment procedure.
A)single stimulus assessment
B)paired stimulus assessment
C)multiple stimulus assessment
D)all of these
Q3) In ______________ the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior.
A)DRA
B)DNRA
C)DRL
D)DRO
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) Mary's parents are trying to decrease the number of times that she feeds the family dog during the day.Mary's parents set a criterion level for the maximum number of times that she can feed the dog in a day,and if Mary achieves this level she gets a story read to her at bedtime.Which type of differential reinforcement are Mary's parents using?
A) DRO
B) DRA
C) DRL
D) DRC
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a strategy used in identifying the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure?
A) experimental manipulation of potential reinforcers
B) observing individuals to determine their preferences
C) selecting a stimulus that is reinforcing for most people
D) choosing the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior
Q3) In the DRO procedure,you reinforce other behavior to take the place of the problem behavior you want to decrease.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely that she would eat junk food,Melissa removed all junk food from her house.
A)present an AO
B)decrease response effort
C)increase response effort
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
Q2) Which procedure is a functional intervention for problem behaviors?
A)extinction
B)differential reinforcement
C)antecedent control procedures
D)all of these
Q3) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely he would eat holiday treats at the party,Nathan ate a big meal before the party.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Extinction and differential reinforcement are used in conjunction with antecedent control procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Antecedent control procedures involve a change in the ___________ that evoke the occurrence of a problem behavior or the occurrence of competing behaviors to replace the problem behavior.
Q3) Antecedent control procedures are used when:
A) punishment procedures have proven ineffective
B) practical considerations make it impossible to manipulate antecedent events
C) the change agent has control over relevant antecedent events
D) all of these
Q4) The presence of an establishing operation makes the consequence of a behavior ____________,and the presence of an abolishing operation makes the consequence of a behavior ____________.
A) more reinforcing;less reinforcing
B) less reinforcing;more reinforcing
C) more punishing;less punishing
D) aversive;desirable
Q5) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) Johnny hit his sister while they were playing and as a result,his mother made him sit in a chair in the guest bedroom by himself for 5 minutes.What procedure is illustrated in this example?
A)exclusionary time-out
B)nonexclusionary time-out
C)response cost
D)extinction
Q2) ______________________ procedures are usually not the first choice of interventions for decreasing problem behaviors:
A)antecedent control
B)differential reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction
Q3) Time-out is appropriate for problem behaviors maintained by:
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)automatic reinforcement
D)all of these
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Q1) Nonexclusionary time-out is used when:
A) the individual's continued presence in the room is disruptive to others
B) access to positive reinforcers can be removed while the individual is in the room
C) it is important to maintain interactions with the individual during the time-out
D) A and C
Q2) Two common negative punishment procedures are ___________ and ___________.
Q3) When is nonexclusionary time-out most likely to be used?
Q4) How are response cost,time-out and extinction different?
Q5) In ______________________ time out,the child is taken to another room contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior.
Q6) Time-out is not appropriate to use with problem behaviors maintained by ___________ or ___________.
Q7) If the problem behavior does not result in a loss of ___________,the time-out procedure will be ineffective.
Q8) A differential reinforcement procedure should be used with response cost. A)True B)False
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) What is the SIBIS procedure?
A)an automated behavior recording procedure
B)an apparatus that uses shock to treat self-injurious behavior
C)a procedure that uses noise to decrease habit behaviors
D)a type of self-injurious behavior
Q2) What happens if the client starts engaging in the requested activity during guided compliance?
A)physical guidance continues until the task is completed
B)physical guidance is withdrawn
C)physical guidance is used intermittently
D)physical guidance is increased
Q3) Identify a stimulus that has been used in punishment by the application of aversive stimuli.
A)ice
B)lemon juice
C)noise
D)all of these
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Questions
Q1) Positive punishment procedures are being used more and more often.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The delivery of an aversive stimulus contingent on the occurrence of the problem behavior is referred to as:
A) negative punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) application of aversive stimulation
D) application of aversive activities
Q3) In guided compliance,what must the learner do following the problem behavior?
A) correct the environment damaged by the behavior
B) comply with the task that was requested prior to the problem behavior
C) repeatedly engage in the correct behavior
D) engage in an effortful behavior that is not related to the problem behavior.
Q4) The application of aversive activities should be used only when the change agent has the physical ability to provide physical guidance.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) In the positive practice procedure,the client has to engage in ___________.
Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks each parent to praise the other parent when the parent uses a parenting skill successfully.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Reinforcing occurrences of generalization
B)Training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C)Modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
D)Incorporating a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training
Q2) In behavior modification,????????????????????_______________ is defined as the occurrence of the behavior in the presence of all relevant stimuli outside the training situation.
A)discrimination
B)reinforcement
C)generalization
D)discrimination training
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) What is the most straightforward approach to promoting generalization?
Q2) What does it mean to say that the treatment for a problem behavior has generalized?
A) the problem behavior is maintained over time
B) the problem behavior occurs in a number of similar situations
C) the problem behavior does not occur in all relevant situations
D) the problem behavior no longer occurs in the treatment setting
Q3) In order to increase the probability that the target behavior will occur in all relevant situations following training,you should:
A) use punishment on competing behaviors
B) reinforce the behavior in the presence of the S-delta
C) program for generalization
D) conduct a task analysis
Q4) One particular outcome that defines successful treatment for problem behaviors is the ___________ of the behavior change across all situations.
Q5) When reinforcing a behavior that occurs outside the training situation in the presence of relevant stimuli,the relevant stimuli develop ___________ over the behavior.
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) The following is a type of self-management strategy.
A)goal-setting and self-monitoring
B)antecedent manipulations
C)behavioral contracting
D)all of these
Q2) In self-management,a person engages in a ____________________ behavior to influence the future occurrence of a _______________ behavior.
A)controlled;controlling B)controlling;controlled C)independent;dependent D)dependent;independent
Q3) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management plan?
A)providing a reinforcer even when a target behavior does not occur
B)failing to provide a punisher for a behavior when it should have been delivered
C)failing to implement contingencies as written in a self-management plan.
D)all of these
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Q1) The long term outcome of a behavior determines whether the behavior will occur. A)True
B)False
Q2) ___________________ occurs when significant others naturally provide cues for the target behavior or provide reinforcing consequences for the target behavior.
Q3) Goal-setting is often implemented in conjunction with self monitoring.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A desirable behavior may NOT be occurring for all of the following reasons except:
A) the behavior is not immediately reinforced when it occurs
B) the behavior involves an increased response effort
C) the behavior is negatively reinforced when it does occur
D) competing behavior interferes with its occurrence
Q5) Goal setting involves writing down the ___________ of the target behavior and the ___________ for the occurrence of the behavior.
Q6) Identify 3 antecedent manipulations a pregnant woman could use to increase the likelihood that she would eat healthier foods.
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) After learning the definition of the habit behavior,the clients then learns to identify when the habit occurs.Which habit reversal component is this?
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
Q2) The involvement of significant others in the habit reversal treatment is called __________________.
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
Q3) In using a competing response to treat stuttering (also called regulated breathing),the first component is a quick relaxation procedure called
A)slowed breathing
B)relaxed breathing
C)diaphragmatic breathing
D)all of these
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Q1) When the habit behavior involves stuttering,the competing response:
A) is used only when stuttering occurs
B) provides an alternative behavior to replace stuttering
C) serves as a punisher for stuttering
D) is functionally equivalent to stuttering
Q2) Most children who stutter as they learn to use language,continue to stutter throughout adolescence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Awareness,competing response training,and social support procedures are components of the habit reversal procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A habit behavior becomes a habit disorder when:
A) the individual has no control over the behavior
B) the behavior is distressing to the individual
C) the frequency of the behavior is extreme
D) B and C
Q5) Habit disorders are ________________ behaviors.
Q6) An example of a nervous habit is ________________.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Q1) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
Q2) What is true regarding the use of response cost in a token economy?
A)response cost is always used
B)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy starts with response cost
C)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy gets established and then response cost is added
D)response cost is not used in a token economy
Q3) Which of the following would not be a good item to use as a token in a token economy with elementary students?
A)pennies
B)hole punches in a card made with a uniquely shaped hole punch
C)smiley face stickers
D)all of these
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Q1) Why wouldn't the use of pencils in a school setting be an acceptable item for a token?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true concerning backup reinforcers?
A) they can interfere with the ability of a token to become a conditioned reinforcer
B) they may include activity reinforcers and privileges
C) they cannot involve things that an individual has a basic right to access
D) they should only be available to individuals through token exchange
Q3) When a response cost procedure is included,it should be introduced after the token economy has been in place for a period of time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Clients may accumulate tokens but not keep them in their possession. A)True
B)False
Q5) The effectiveness of a token as a reinforcer depends on the back-up reinforcers. A)True
B)False
Q6) Why is it important for a response cost procedure to not result in a loss of all tokens?
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Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) In a __________________ contract,one person seeks to change a target behavior and arranges reinforcement or punishment contingencies with a contract manager,who implements the contingencies.
A)two party
B)quid pro quo
C)one party
D)parallel
Q2) An acceptable method for measuring the target behavior in a behavioral contract is:
A)permanent product
B)automated recording
C)direct observation by the contract manager or an agreed-upon third party.
D)all of these
Q3) Which of the following is not a component of a behavioral contract?
A)identify the target behavior and state how it will be measured
B)identify the reinforcement or punishment contingency.
C)identify who will implement the contingency.
D)identify the items to be used as tokens in the contract
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Q1) ________________ Jerry gets to pick out his dessert if he makes his bed every morning.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) positive punishment
D) negative punishment
Q2) A quid pro quo contract is an example of a two party contract.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Tom writes a behavioral contract with his parents stating that he will be able to use the family car on weekends if he has completed a specific number of chores during the week.Tom and his parents have written a behavioral contract involving a ____________ contingency.
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement
Q4) Two party contracts are written between people who have some ________________ with each other.
Q5) How is a behavioral contract a form of public commitment?
Page 50
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) In __________________,the person breathes deeply in a slow,rhythmic fashion to produce relaxation.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q2) In __________________ the person systematically tenses and relaxes each of the major muscle groups in the body.Tensing and relaxing the muscles leave them more relaxed than in their initial state.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) ________________ produces relaxation by directing attention to a neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove the person's attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) The key to systematic desensitization is to:
A) maintain relaxation while being exposed to the fear-producing stimulus
B) maintain relaxation while imagining the fear-producing stimulus
C) rapidly progress through the fear hierarchy
D) teach an individual to avoid the fear-producing stimulus
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a step in the use of systematic desensitization?
A) learning relaxation skills
B) practicing relaxation skills
C) developing a hierarchy
D) exposure to the fear-producing stimulus
Q3) __________________ desensitization involves actual contact with the feared stimuli in the hierarchy.
Q4) Fear and anxiety reduction procedures are used to treat ____________ behavior.
A) operant
B) respondent
C) autonomic
D) all of these
Q5) __________________ desensitization involves imaginal contact with the feared stimuli in the hierarchy.
Page 52
Q6) What are the 3 steps in the use of systematic desensitization?
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) Which of the following is not one of the three basic steps in conducting cognitive restructuring?
A)help the client identify the distressing thoughts
B)help the client identify the emotional response,mood,or behavior that follows the distressing thought
C)help the client stop thinking the distressing thoughts and think more rational thoughts
D)help the client accept his or her distressing thoughts.
Q2) The occurrence of cognitive behavior can influence other behaviors.Which of the following is a function that cognitive behavior can serve?
A)CS
B)MO
C)reinforcer
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a type of cognitive distortion?
A) overgeneralization
B) magnification
C) procrastination
D) personalization
Q2) A cognitive behavior may function as an EO for another behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In order to use behavior modification procedures to change a cognitive behavior,the behavior must be:
A) assigned a label
B) readily observable to others
C) operationally defined
D) overt
Q4) List the 3 steps in cognitive restructuring.
Q5) Who identifies and records the occurrence of cognitive behaviors?
Q6) "Low self esteem" is an operational definition of a cognitive behavior.
A)True
B)False
Page 54
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