Psychology of Learning and Motivation Practice
Exam
Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning and Motivation explores the foundational theories and contemporary research that explain how individuals acquire knowledge, develop skills, and maintain motivation throughout the learning process. This course examines classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive and social influences on learning, and the psychological factors that drive motivation. Students will analyze experimental findings and theoretical perspectives, discussing the role of attention, memory, reinforcement, self-efficacy, and goal setting in educational and real-world contexts. Practical applications for enhancing motivation and optimizing learning environments are also addressed, preparing students to understand and apply psychological principles in diverse settings.
Recommended Textbook
Evolutionary Psychology Neuroscience Perspectives concerning Human Behavior and Experience
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
15 Chapters
811 Verified Questions
811 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/2306 Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to an Evolutionary Perspective
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45883
Sample Questions
Q1) One of Fisher's important mathematical demonstrations was that natural selection progresses through
A) changes in the organism to fit the characteristics of the environment.
B) cyclical patterns of rapid spurts of change following by long periods of stability.
C) mutations that may or may not be beneficial to the species.
D) the accumulation of many small changes in genes rather than a few large changes.
Answer: D
Q2) People generally perform poorly on the logic problem known as the Wason selection task, unless it presented as a _____.
Answer: social exchange problem
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the evolutionary psychology perspective?
A) Psychological mechanisms are adaptations.
B) The environment strongly determines human behavior.
C) The human mind is not necessarily adapted to the current era.
D) There is a universal human nature.
Answer: B
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
3
Chapter 2: What Is Evolution
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
53 Verified Questions
53 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45884
Sample Questions
Q1) Prior to 10,000 years ago, there was no agriculture, and all humans lived in _____ societies.
Answer: hunter-gatherer
Q2) According to Jung, the _____ reflects the manner in which the expressive predispositions of current-day humans are the result of evolutionary pressures on our ancestors.
Answer: collective unconscious
Q3) The present-day eye evolved from a structure that detected
A) gross changes in light but not specific images and colors.
B) regions of relative warmth or coldness.
C) specific images but not changes in light or color.
D) two-dimensional but not three-dimensional images.
Answer: A
Q4) The scientific principle of parsimony states that
A) a hypothesis cannot be precise unless it is expressed mathematically.
B) scientists should strive to remove all biases from their experiments.
C) similar processes should be explained by the same fundamental principles.
D) theories are not proven until they are tested in controlled laboratory settings.
Answer: C
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Evolution and Genetics
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45885
Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ is a way of representing the chromosomal contents of a cell, including the number of chromosomes followed by a description of the sex chromosomes.
Answer: karyotype
Q2) Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA. Explain how these structures are involved in gene expression. What are some metaphors for DNA?
Answer: -DNA consists of A, G, T, C; RNA of A, G, T, C
-Transcription: DNA synthesizes RNA
-Translation: RNA synthesizes protein
-Production of proteins can have transitory or long-lasting effects on organismal structure and behavior.
-Metaphors for DNA: blueprint, book, recipe; double helix
Q3) Mendel's first law states that for a recessive trait to appear, both nondominant elements must be present; this is also know as the law of A) independent assortment. B) recombination.
C) segregation. D) transmission.
Answer: C
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Evolution of Brain and Function
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45886
Sample Questions
Q1) Hughling Jackson proposed that over evolutionary time human brains have developed more general-purpose processing systems without replacing the earlier special-purpose processing mechanisms. This principle is known as _____.
Q2) The frequencies of light that our visual system is most sensitive to are those that are least affected when they pass through A) air.
B) space.
C) time.
D) water.
Q3) The neural networks that are active during internal processing are called the brain's _____, which is most active when individuals are engaged in private thoughts or left alone to think about real or hypothetical events.
A) default network
B) limbic system
C) R-complex
D) stream of consciousness
Q4) Compare and contrast the mental module model with the alternative to the mental module model. In what sense do they make similar predictions?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: Developmental Processes
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45887
Sample Questions
Q1) One important change in human lifestyle was the development of agriculture around _____ years ago, with its more fixed communities.
A) 1,000
B) 5,000
C) 10,000
D) 50,000
Q2) Discuss Bowlby's research on early attachment relationships. What did he find? Describe the procedure Ainsworth developed to examine attachment styles. What did she find?
Q3) Organisms that evolved to produce lots of offspring are said to have adopted a(n) _____ strategy, whereas those that produce few offspring are said to have adopted a(n) _____ strategy.
A) K-selection, r-selection
B) long-lifespan, short-lifespan
C) r-selection, K-selection
D) short-lifespan, long-lifespan
Q4) What is the role of play in humans and other mammal species? Discuss Burghardt's (2004) five criteria for characterizing play.
Q5) Discuss Bjorklund and Blasi's (2005) six tenets of evolutionary psychology.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: Emotionality
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45888
Sample Questions
Q1) Darwin's principle of _____ suggests that opposite internal states produce opposite external movements; for example, we shrug our shoulders when we feel helpless because it is the opposite set of movements from when we feel aggressive.
Q2) The calls of various species give more than just emotional information; they also refer to objects and events in the environment. This has led researchers to suggest that human _____ evolved from an emotional vocalization system.
Q3) Wundt proposed a model of emotion that had three dimensions. Which of the following is NOT on of those dimensions?
A) arousal
B) intensity
C) power
D) valence
Q4) Damage to the amygdala interferes with emotional memories that are _____ but not _____.
A) explicit, implicit
B) external, internal
C) implicit, explicit
D) internal, external
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Language
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45889
Sample Questions
Q1) Attempts to teach human language to chimpanzees and bonobos suggest that they can achieve a level of language comprehension equivalent to a child of _____ year(s).
A) 1 1/2
B) 2
C) 2 1/2
D) 3
Q2) According to Chomsky, language was not a product of natural selection but rather a(n) _____ property of brain complexity.
A) acquired
B) emergent
C) intrinsic
D) natural
Q3) Language can be used to describe a variety of internal and external processes, and this is what enables languages, both spoken and written, to set the stage for _____ to play a role in human history that is very different from that of other species.
Q4) _____ is the study of meaning and how words relate to the things they refer to.
Q5) One distinctive feature of language is that it is regular and has rules, which we call a _____.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 9
Chapter 8: Sex and Gender
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45890
Sample Questions
Q1) Gorillas typically move about using all four limbs in a style of locomotion known as
Q2) Competition between males can take the form of outright fighting, as in the case of elephant seals or reindeer; at other times, it is to determine who has the brightest colors, as in a variety of male birds and fish. Females, on the other hand,
A) also compete, but this is less overt.
B) are rarely impressed by these displays.
C) can be even more aggressive.
D) do not need to compete for mates.
Q3) The brightly colored male satin bowerbird builds a structure called a bower for the female to stand in while she watches him strut and sing. How does the female decide which male to mate with?
A) She decides based on how extensively decorated the bower is.
B) She decides based on how intensely the male struts and sings.
C) Younger females decide by the bower, older ones by the performance.
D) Younger females decide by the performance, older ones by the bower.
Q4) _____ refers to the situation in which one male and one female live together, but each also engages in extra-pair couplings.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 10
Chapter 9: Sexual Selection
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45891
Sample Questions
Q1) When Singh (1993) asked males to rate the attractiveness of females with different waist-to-hip ratios, he found men preferred a .7 waist-to-hip ratio
A) only if the female was normal weight, but not if she was underweight or overweight.
B) only if the female was normal weight or overweight, but not if she was underweight.
C) only if the female was normal weight or underweight, but not if she was overweight.
D) regardless of whether the female was underweight, normal weight, or overweight.
Q2) Penton-Voak et al. (1999) found that women preferred male faces that were more _____ during the phases of their menstrual cycle in which they were most likely to become pregnant, as compared other phases of their cycle.
A) exaggerated
B) feminine
C) masculine
D) symmetrical
Q3) Discuss the features that characterize attractiveness in males and females.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
11
Chapter 10: Kin and Family Relationships
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45892
Sample Questions
Q1) In all societies, some kinship terms incorporate more than one genealogical relationship, but people are _____ oblivious to the distinctions that terminology obscures or ignores.
A) always
B) nowhere
C) often
D) sometimes
Q2) Based on Hamilton's rule, deceit, manipulation, and exploitation will _____ as relatedness decreases among kin.
A) appear
B) decrease
C) disappear
D) increase
Q3) Hamilton suggested that organisms would perform _____ acts if those acts led to genes similar to their own being passed on; that is to say, you are more likely to help kin than strangers.
Q4) The human family is a very unusual social structure compared to other mammalian species. What specific human need led to the evolution of family structure? What are some features of family life that result from this need?
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 11: Social Relations
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45893
Sample Questions
Q1) The willingness to incur costs to punish cheaters is known as _____; this phenomenon is often tested using the public goods game, in which each player is expected to contribute for the good of the group.
Q2) Researchers have observed that high-ranking female chimpanzees will sometimes _____ newborn infants of low-ranking females.
A) adopt
B) eat
C) feed
D) kill
Q3) Although not discussed by Fiske, one implication of his way of thinking is that the evolution of _____ abilities in humans may have had its origin in different types of social relationships; this is evidenced by the fact that quality matching and market pricing relationships are only seen in humans.
A) economic
B) mathematical
C) negotiating
D) reasoning
Q4) Discuss the types of altruism presented in this chapter. Illustrate with examples.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 13
Chapter 12: Making Social Decisions
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45894
Sample Questions
Q1) What is the traditional view of human behavior in economics? What does psychology have to say about human economic behavior? Why study economics from an evolutionary perspective?
Q2) The murder rate in Europe has _____ since the Middle Ages.
A) dropped
B) gone through cycles
C) increased
D) stayed the same
Q3) Simon suggested that one could learn about human decision making by noting how the _____ in which decisions were made could allow for simplifications in adaptive decision making.
A) emotional state
B) environment
C) social situation
D) time frame
Q4) The _____ error occurs when someone explains the behaviors of another as due to personality characteristics but explains his or her own identical behaviors as due to situational factors.
Q5) Discuss the evolution of interpersonal and intragroup violence.
Q6) Discuss the evolution and function of social and moral emotions.
Page 14
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 13: Health and Disease
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45895
Sample Questions
Q1) People of Northern European descent do not lose the ability to digest lactose, as do most humans; were an adult from Asia to drink milk, he or she would feel ill and have genetic symptoms of bloating and diarrhea resulting from a _____ between his or her genetic makeup and the food source, whereas those from Northern Europe would not.
Q2) According to the social shaping hypothesis (Taylor and Gonzaga, 2006), early social relationships have three functions. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) Social relationships calibrate how systems involved in stress responses will develop.
B) Social relationships regulate the stress response of day-to-day experiences.
C) Social relationships serve as a source of information about the environment.
D) Social relationships teach stress-coping skills and stress-avoiding behaviors.
Q3) Nesse (2005) suggests that there are six ways to think about the relationship between health and disease in evolutionary terms. Discuss each.
Q4) Canon (1915) developed the concept of _____ to refer to the manner in which a physiological system tended to center on a set point, similar to the way a thermostat regulates the temperature in a building.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 15
Chapter 14: Psychopathology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45896
Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the five reasons why researchers believe sleep has been shaped by natural selection.
Q2) Many of the outward expressions of social anxiety in humans parallel what is seen in the _____ of primates, suggesting the disorder may have once had a function.
A) attachment behaviors
B) dominance interactions
C) predator warnings
D) reactions to strangers
Q3) The _____ hypothesis suggests that when significant interpersonal relationships are disrupted, including social humiliation or defeat, depressed mood is the outcome; in this sense, it is a protective mechanism associated with risk aversion that prevents further critical losses.
Q4) _____ symptoms of schizophrenia include hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre thoughts.
Q5) _____ is one of the most debilitating of mental disorders; it affects one's ability to express oneself clearly, to have social relationships, and to express and experience positive emotions. It affects about 1% of the population, and it is seen throughout the world with similar symptoms, regardless of culture or geographical location.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 16
Chapter 15: Culture
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/45897
Sample Questions
Q1) In the 1930s, the Kelloggs co-reared their 10-month-old son Donald with a 7-month-old chimpanzee named Gua. As a result,
A) Donald copied many of Gua's behaviors.
B) Donald treated Gua like another human infant.
C) Gua grew up to be much less violent than most chimps.
D) Gua learned to speak a few words, though not clearly.
Q2) Gelfand and colleagues (2011) found that cultures that had present-day or historical threats such as territorial conflicts, resource scarcity, or exposure to high levels of pathogens tended to
A) be more active in shaping their environment.
B) have higher levels of aggression and violence.
C) more strictly regulate social behavior.
D) prefer their practices over those of other cultures.
Q3) The basic research strategy of _____ focuses on an examination of cognitive and neural differences across cultures. These studies examine the manner in which individuals from different cultures process the same information in different ways, or else they study the manner in which individuals from a single culture process information from different cultures differently.
Q4) Discuss the seven characteristics of culture as determined by Flinn (2005).
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17