Psychology of Learning and Behavior
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Course Introduction
Psychology of Learning and Behavior explores the fundamental principles underlying how humans and animals acquire new knowledge, behaviors, and skills. The course examines major theoretical perspectives such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning, alongside cognitive approaches to learning. Students will analyze the influence of environmental, biological, and cognitive factors on learning processes and behavioral change. By integrating research findings and real-world applications, this course provides a comprehensive understanding of how learning shapes behavior across various contexts.
Recommended Textbook Brain and Behavior An Introduction to Biological Psychology 3rd Edition by Bob L. Garrett
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15 Chapters
2650 Verified Questions
2650 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What is Biopsychology?
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as one's:
A)Genotype
B)Phenotype
C)Genome
D)Meme
Answer: B
Q2) Adoption studies have tended to overestimate the heritability of intelligence.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The annual costs of brain disorders and addictions in the United States is an estimated:
A)100 trillion dollars
B)500 billion dollars
C)1 trillion dollars
D)5 trillion dollars
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Communication Within the Nervous System
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244 Verified Questions
244 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurotransmitter action can be terminated by:
A)Deactivation of the transmitter by an enzyme
B)Reuptake into the axon terminal
C)Absorption of the neurotransmitter by glial cells
D)All of the above
Answer: D
Q2) The seawater-like solution inside neurons and bathing their outside are known respectively as:
A)Extracellular and intracellular
B)Intracellular and extracellular
C)Cellular and extracellular
D)Intramembrane and extramembrane
Answer: B
Q3) Various toxins from snakes,scorpions,and fish are called ___ because of their sites of action.
A)neural blockers
B)neuroantagonists
C)neurotoxins
D)nociceptors
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Organization and Functions of the Nervous System
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168 Verified Questions
168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compensation for neural damage by reorganization is most likely to be seen with: A)Language
B)Motor coordination
C)Memory
D)Visual recognition
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is not true about psychosurgery?
A)It is used to remove tumors and blood clots.
B)It is used to treat cognitive and emotional disorders.
C)Prefrontal lobotomies are an example of psychosurgery.
D)It was largely replaced by psychiatric drugs as a form of treatment.
Answer: A
Q3) Severing the cerebral commissures:
A)Leaves a person with limited language skills
B)Leaves a person unable to locate objects in space
C)Has shown that for most people language is located in the left hemisphere while spatial skills are located in the right hemisphere
D)Has shown that for most people language and spatial skills are located in the left hemisphere
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Methods and Ethics of Research
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158 Verified Questions
158 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Correlations range in value from 1.0 to -1.0.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Deception has been accepted as a necessary part of almost any experiment involving human subjects.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The concordance rates for schizophrenia in identical twins are about three times that of fraternal twins.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In correlational research,the investigator:
A)Systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association between them
B)Manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
C)Exposes subjects to two closely related treatment conditions
D)Simultaneously manipulates two or more independent variables
Q5) Is animal research "worth it"? Justify your answer with non-emotional arguments.
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Chapter 5: Drugs, Addiction, and Reward
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fetal alcohol syndrome is the leading cause of ___ in the Western world.
A)Miscarriages
B)Intellectual impairment
C)Multiple births
D)Infertility
Q2) What neurotransmitter is the focus of some of the newer treatments for smoking and alcohol addiction?
A)Norepinephrine
B)Serotonin
C)Glutamate
D)GABA
Q3) According to Charles O'Brien,a drug researcher:
A)Cocaine is the most important drug of abuse.
B)Cocaine is overestimated as a drug of abuse.
C)Nicotine is the most important drug of abuse.
D)Nicotine is of minor importance as a drug of abuse.
Q4) The word psychedelic means many colors.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How does marijuana challenge our understanding of addiction?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States
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189 Verified Questions
189 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When compared to the first bite,the last bit of pizza produces:
A)Less of a neural response from the nucleus accumbens
B)More of a neural response from the nucleus accumbens
C)Less of a neural response from the nucleus recepti
D)Less of a neural response from the nucleus of the solitary tract
Q2) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors:
A)Increase carbohydrate intake
B)Decrease carbohydrate intake
C)Increase carbohydrate intake only in those who crave carbohydrates
D)Decrease carbohydrate intake only in those that crave carbohydrates
Q3) An instinct is a(n):
A)Mechanism for maintaining balance in the body
B)Incentive to behave in a particular manner
C)Complex behavior that is automatic and unlearned and occurs in all members of a species
D)Complex behavior that is learned,or not automatic and occurs in all members of a species
Q4) If someone stimulated your area postrema,you would begin uncontrollably eating.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Biology of Sex and Gender
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197 Verified Questions
197 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify four regions of the brain that play an important role in sexual behavior.Which of these are more important for male sexual behavior? For female sexual behavior?
Q2) The development of gonads into a male or female pattern depends on:
A)Whether the gonads have been exposed to estrogen
B)Whether the fetus has the XO pattern
C)The chromosomal sex
D)The presence of the SRY gene on the X chromosome
Q3) Androgen insensitivity syndrome individuals frequently appear as female professional wrestlers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All of the following are true about the ablatio penis case involving Bruce/Brenda except:
A)The child was described as a tomboy and preferred playing with her brother's toys.
B)She was teased in school and referred to as a "caveman."
C)She did not doubt her sexual identity until age 14.
D)Her parents consented to reconstructive surgery and reared the child as a girl.
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Chapter 8: Emotion and Health
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164 Verified Questions
164 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most researchers studying humans distinguish between ___ aggression,which is impulsive and emotional,and ___ aggression,which is premeditated and relatively emotionless.
A)offensive,reactive
B)reactive,predatory
C)reactive,proactive
D)affective,predatory
Q2) The stress hormones ___ are used by your body to respond to short-term stressors while the stress hormone ___ is used to respond to prolonged stress.
A)epinephrine and cortisol;norepinephrine
B)epinephrine and norepinephrine;cortisol
C)norepinephrine and cortisol;epinephrine
D)epinephrine and norepinephrine;dopamine
Q3) Stress:
A)Is a condition in the environment that makes demands on the organism
B)Can refer to an internal condition that is a response to a demanding event
C)Is an ambiguous term with more than one meaning
D)All of the above
Q4) Define the term stress.What major systems are activated during stressful events?
Q5) What are mirror neurons and what role might they play in particular emotions?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Hearing and Language
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175 Verified Questions
175 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability to distinguish among different people's voices is a function of a _____ performed on the basilar membrane,which is the breakdown of the sound into its frequency components.
A)place analysis
B)Fourier analysis
C)temporal comparison
D)generalization gradient
Q2) Broca's area is involved in the production of speech.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Selective attention involves a combination of ___ and ___.
A)place theory,frequency theory
B)language centers,perceptual filtering
C)peripheral suppression,selection among inputs
D)None of the above
Q4) Acquired dyslexia refers to reading difficulties that:
A)Result from brain damage
B)Become apparent when a person is learning to read
C)Involve genetic changes in brain circuitry
D)Develop only in advanced cultures
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Chapter 10: Vision and Visual Perception
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Delineate the functions of the magnocellular and parvocellular visual systems.Include information on origins and destinations.
Q2) The ___ is the transparent outer coat of the front of the eye.
A)cornea
B)pupil
C)iris
D)sclera
Q3) What do the current visual prosthetic devices,such as retinal implants,do?
A)They directly stimulate ganglion cells.
B)They directly stimulate visual cortex cells.
C)They directly stimulate rods and cones.
D)They tap into the auditory nerve to provide visual information through the intact auditory system .
Q4) The cell membranes of photoreceptors contain sodium and calcium channels that are normally ___.
A)open
B)closed
C)depolarized
D)refractory
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Chapter 11: The Body Senses and Movement
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208 Verified Questions
208 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which kind of receptor responds to increases in muscle tension?
A)Golgi tendon organ
B)Golgi spindle
C)Muscle spindle
D)Golgi muscle organ
Q2) The risk of Parkinson's disease is ___ by up to ___ in coffee drinkers and ___ by up to ___ among smokers.
A)reduced,80%,reduced,50%
B)reduced,80%,increased,25%
C)reduced,50%,reduced,80%
D)increased,80%,reduced,50%
Q3) Gate control theory argues that pressure signals produce ___ that prevents pain information from reaching the brain.
A)inhibitory messages in the brain
B)inhibitory messages in the spinal cord
C)distraction in the brain
D)endorphin release in the spinal cord
Q4) Describe the components of the vestibular system and the functions of each.
Q5) What are the skin senses? List the receptors for each and stimuli to which each would respond.
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During confabulation episodes related to Korsakoff's syndrome,a person will usually not:
A)Create false stories to make up for missing memories
B)Have memories of the past intrude on the present
C)Knowingly lie
D)All of the above are behaviors of someone exhibiting Korsakoff's.
Q2) By the year 2050,it is estimated that there will be about ___ million people with Alzheimer's.
A)4
B)9
C)14
D)25
Q3) Long-term depression is a decrease in the potency of a synapse when ___.
A)presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons fire at the same time
B)presynaptic neurons are active and postsynaptic neurons are not depolarized at the same time
C)presynaptic neurons are depolarized and postsynaptic neurons fire at the same time
D)presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons are depolarized at the same time
Q4) Who was H.M. ,and what did we learn about memory from his experiences?
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Chapter 13: Intelligence and Cognitive Functioning
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168 Verified Questions
168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals with ADHD have been found to have deficits in their ___.
A)prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum
B)basal ganglia and cerebellum
C)prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
D)None of the above
Q2) Discuss the relationship between IQ,intelligence,and neural processing speed.
Q3) In the normal individual,shuffling cards as well as watching a card dealer perform shuffling would produce similar brain activity;in an autistic individual,brain activity would only be seen during ___.
A)actual card shuffling
B)watching the card shuffling if primary reinforcement was available
C)watching the card shuffling
D)watching the card shuffling performed by a stranger
Q4) Down syndrome is caused by maternal alcoholism.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the perceived problem in ADHD patients? How does Ritalin fix this problem? Are there dangers associated with Ritalin use?
Q6) How does brain thickness relate to IQ? Explain.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following mood disorders has the highest risk for suicide?
A)Unipolar depression
B)Reactive depression
C)Bipolar disorder
D)None of the above
Q2) Identify and describe the major affective disorders.
Q3) Research has shown that 20 years after first admission,___% of schizophrenics are fully recovered.
A)10
B)22
C)30
D)45
Q4) Individuals suffering from bipolar disorder are most likely to attempt suicide.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Chronic symptoms of schizophrenia:
A)Develop gradually
B)Are less responsive to treatment than acute symptoms
C)Are likely to persist over time
D)All of the above
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Sleep and Consciousness
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177 Verified Questions
177 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) REM sleep is important for learning and memory over the lifespan.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Freud was a strong advocate of the activation-synthesis explanation for dreaming.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Melatonin is produced in the:
A)Pineal gland
B)Hypothalamus
C)Adrenal glands
D)SCN
Q4) The___ is a brain area that inhibits activating systems during sleep.
A)ventrolateral preoptic area
B)SCN
C)raphé nucleus
D)locus coeruleus
Q5) What is the reverse learning explanation for REM sleep?
Q6) Give several examples of what happens when normal sleep cycles are disrupted.Why is jet lag more pronounced traveling east than traveling west?
Page 17
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