Psychology of Learning and Behavior
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and theories underlying how humans and animals learn and modify their behavior. Topics include classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive processes involved in learning, motivation, reinforcement, punishment, and the biological bases of behavior. The course examines both historical and contemporary research, emphasizing applications to education, therapy, and everyday life. Through the analysis of case studies and experimental findings, students will gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive learning and behavioral change.
Recommended Textbook
Biopsychology 8th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
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18 Chapters
2675 Verified Questions
2675 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Biopsychology As a Neuroscience
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89 Verified Questions
89 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?
A) its focus on the study of behavior
B) its focus on animal subjects
C) its focus on psychiatric disorders
D) its focus on psychoactive drugs
E) both C and D
Answer: A
Q2) Which prefrontal lobotomy procedure is illustrated by this drawing?
A) the procedure used by Freeman in Canada
B) the procedure of Moniz and Lima
C) the improved prefrontal lobotomy procedure developed in Sweden
D) the transorbital prefrontal lobotomy
E) both B and C
Answer: B
Q3) If you were to become a biopsychologist, in which division of biopsychology would you like to specialize and why?
Answer: 50% for knowledge of the division that a student selects 50% for effectively arguing that the choice is best for that student
Q4) The EEG, or __________ , is commonly recorded from the scalp.
Answer: electroencephalogram
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Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience
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143 Verified Questions
143 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first hominins are thought to have evolved about
A) 200 million years ago.
B) 100 million years ago.
C) 50 million years ago.
D) 6 million years ago.
E) 1 million years ago.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following disorders was discovered by Asbjörn Fölling, a Norwegian dentist?
A) schizophrenia
B) Korsakoff's syndrome
C) phenylketonuria
D) Parkinsonism
E) Down syndrome
Answer: C
Q3) The two genes that control the same trait are called __________.
Answer: alleles
Q4) Asomatognosia is typically produced by lesions to the right __________. Answer: parietal lobe
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Chapter 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inferior and superior colliculi compose the A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) tectum.
D) hippocampus.
E) cerebellum.
Answer: C
Q2) All neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are A) motor.
B) interneurons.
C) multipolar.
D) bipolar.
E) unipolar.
Answer: C
Q3) The __________ dangles from the hypothalamus.
Answer: pituitary
Q4) There are several kinds of glial cells in the nervous system.Describe them and their functions.How is our understanding of glial cells currently changing?
Answer: 50% for a description of glial cell types and their function
50% for discussing recently discovered functions of glial cells
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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Drugs that increase the activity of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.
Q2) With respect to size, neuropeptides are the __________ neurotransmitters.
Q3) The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by
A) an efflux of sodium ions.
B) an influx of calcium ions.
C) the sodium-potassium pump.
D) the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock.
E) the release of calcium ions from the buttons.
Q4) A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that
A) binds to acetylcholine.
B) stimulates acetylcholine's synthesis.
C) facilitates acetylcholine's release.
D) degrades acetylcholine.
E) inhibits acetylcholine.
Q5) The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain is __________.
Q6) Pump mechanisms in the cell membrane of neurons pump __________ ions out of the neuron.
Q7) EPSPS are conducted passively, rapidly, and __________.
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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ironic case of Professor P.makes the point that A) two brains are better than one.
B) Alzheimer's disease can have an early onset.
C) many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings.
D) brain tumors can be bilateral.
E) cortical tumors are usually malignant.
Q2) The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP)and a "raw" evoked potential is that
A) an AEP is usually unobservable.
B) an AEP is an alpha wave.
C) a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal.
D) an AEP is a unit response.
E) a raw evoked potential is likely to be larger.
Q3) In human subjects, EEG electrodes are often fixed to the __________ .
Q4) Pavlovian conditioning typically involves repeatedly presenting the conditional stimulus just before the __________.
Q5) The patient is often injected with radioactive 2-DG before positron __________.
Q6) Electrodes are typically implanted in subcortical structures by __________ surgery.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Visual System
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) About __________% of retinal ganglion cell axons become part of the retina-geniculate pathways.
Q2) Blindsight occurs most commonly in people with A) retinal damage.
B) collicular damage.
C) primary visual cortex damage.
D) thalamic damage.
E) spinal damage.
Q3) The perception of Mach bands results from A) ommatidia.
B) mutual excitement.
C) mutual consent.
D) lateral facilitation.
E) lateral inhibition.
Q4) Saccades are
A) connections between the photopic and scotopic systems.
B) blind spots.
C) eye movements.
D) centers of color vision.
E) retinal neurons.
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Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parts of olfactory receptor cells can be found
A) in the walls of the nasal passages.
B) in the olfactory mucosa.
C) passing through the cribriform plate.
D) in the olfactory bulb.
E) all of the above
Q2) The dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system is particularly responsive to
A) sound and movement.
B) touch and proprioception.
C) motor output.
D) proprioception and temperature.
E) pain and temperature.
Q3) Electrical stimulation of which of the following structures has analgesic effects?
A) SII
B) periaqueductal gray
C) paraventricular nuclei
D) ventral posterior nuclei
E) medial lemniscus
Q4) SI is also known as the __________ somatosensory cortex.
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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monkeys could not move their fingers independently after transections of the
A) dorsolateral corticospinal tracts.
B) dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tracts.
C) ventromedial corticospinal tracts.
D) ventromedial cortico-brainstem-spinal tracts.
E) nigrostriatal tract.
Q2) In the primary motor cortex, the neurons that participate in the movement of a particular finger are
A) located in one somatotopically segregated finger area.
B) widely distributed over the somatotopic hand area.
C) all located in a single column.
D) all located in the left parietal lobe.
E) all located in the right parietal lobe.
Q3) In general the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to A) terminate response sequences.
B) specialize in guiding learned sequences.
C) program specific motor sequences.
D) mediate reflexes.
E) provide the major input to spinal motor circuits.
Q4) The two descending __________ motor pathways control movements of the trunk.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Only those growth cones that are not pioneer growth cones can normally find their way to their targets by
A) chemoaffinity.
B) fasciculation.
C) blueprints.
D) topographic gradients.
E) stopping at a service station and asking for directions.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A) About 50% of savants are diagnosed with autism.
B) About 10% of autistic individuals are savants.
C) About 50% of autistic individuals are savants.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
Q3) Approximately 80% of children with __________ are male; 50% suffer from mental retardation; and 35% suffer from seizures.
Q4) In mammals, adult neurogenesis occurs in the __________ and hippocampi.
Q5) The __________ is situated just dorsal to the neural tube and develops into the PNS.
Q6) Pioneer growth cones lead their followers by a process known as __________.
Q7) The growth of new neurons in adults is called adult __________.
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Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In cases of Parkinson's disease, the following are degenerated:
A) terminals in the striatum.
B) cell bodies in the substantia nigra.
C) axons in the nigrostriatal pathway.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
Q2) Petit mal and grand mal are the major categories of __________ seizures.
Q3) Major neuropathological correlates of Alzheimer's disease are A) neurofibrillary tangles in the neural cytoplasm.
B) amyloid plaques.
C) a selective decline in dopamine levels.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
Q4) It is critical to identify the primary symptom of a disorder.Explain and discuss with respect to Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid hypothesis.What evidence is there for the amyloid hypothesis? Are there alternative hypotheses?
Q5) There are two main categories of __________ seizures: simple and complex.
Q6) Most neuropsychological diseases of genetic origin are associated with abnormal __________ genes.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The delayed nonmatching-to-sample test is a good measure of __________ long-term object-recognition memory in both rats and monkeys.
Q2) Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task.It is the A) delay phase.
B) recall phase.
C) sample phase.
D) recognition phase.
E) choice phase.
Q3) Long-term potentiation has been most frequently studied in the A) hippocampus. B) amygdala.
C) substantia nigra.
D) neocortex. E) cerebellum.
Q4) Most __________ cells are located in hippocampus, whereas grid cells are located in the entorhinal cortex.
Q5) The __________ is thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses.
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Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals who display cycles of fasting, bingeing, and purging are said to suffer from __________ nervosa.
Q2) Hunger and eating can be induced in satiated mammals by decreasing blood glucose levels with large injections of insulin.However, such large decreases
A) rarely, if ever, occur in healthy humans or other mammals with ready access to food.
B) occur naturally about four times per day in humans.
C) occur naturally about three times per day in most mammals.
D) occur naturally just before mealtime in North Americans, who are used to eating three meals per day.
E) occur six times per day in humans--on the average.
Q3) People who suffer from anorexia nervosa
A) eat little.
B) have usually followed strict diets in the past.
C) often perceive their bodies as fat despite their emaciated appearance.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q4) In our culture, most anorexics have a history of strict __________.
Q5) The leaky-barrel is a __________ model, not a set-point model.
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Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Destruction of the medial preoptic area
A) abolishes male copulatory behavior.
B) increases male copulatory behavior.
C) abolishes female copulatory behavior.
D) increases female copulatory behavior.
E) both B and C
Q2) A tropic hormone is any hormone that
A) increases reproductive behavior.
B) stimulates or suppresses the release of posterior pituitary hormones.
C) is released by the pituitary.
D) stimulates or suppresses the release of other hormones.
E) influences the ovaries and testes.
Q3) Describe the symptoms and mechanism of the androgenic insensitivity syndrome.Explain the hormonal mechanism underlying the development of these symptoms.
Q4) David Reimer, the case of ablatio penis, requested and was given A) phalloplasty.
B) mastectomy.
C) estrogen treatment.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
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Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms
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186 Verified Questions
186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How much sleep do we really need? According to the text, the evidence suggests that, if sleep is monophasic, the answer seems to be about __________ hours per night for most people.
A) 3.0
B) 5.5
C) 7.0
D) 8.0
E) 10.0
Q2) Sleep apnea commonly results from
A) a failure of the CNS to stimulate respiration.
B) obstruction of the breathing passage by muscle spasms.
C) obstruction of the breathing passage by atonia.
D) all of the above
E) excessive use of stimulant drugs.
Q3) Under normal living conditions, most people sleep during
A) body temperature homeostasis.
B) internal desynchronization.
C) free-running temperature cycles.
D) the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle.
E) the rising phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle.
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Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brains Reward Circuits
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Like alcohol, cocaine is frequently consumed in A) paper bags.
B) paper bags with holes. C) water pipes.
D) glasses.
E) binges.
Q2) Disulfiram is used in the treatment of addiction to A) alcohol.
B) marijuana.
C) nicotine.
D) cocaine.
E) morphine.
Q3) The before-and-after design is used to study __________ drug tolerance.
Q4) Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose?
A) IV
B) IM
C) SC
D) through mucus membranes
E) oral
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Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain
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170 Verified Questions
170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During a test in which split-brain patients were asked to verbally specify which of two colors, red or green, had been presented in the left visual field, an interesting phenomenon was discovered.This phenomenon is
A) unilateral emotion.
B) cross-cuing.
C) the helping-hand phenomenon.
D) transfer of hircismus.
E) interhemispheric transfer of color.
Q2) The left-hemisphere is dominant for speech in
A) all left-handers and a few right-handers.
B) nearly all left-handers and a few right-handers.
C) nearly all right-handers and the majority of left-handers.
D) nearly all right-handers and only a few left-handers.
E) a few right-handers and even fewer left-handers.
Q3) Left-handers are also known as
A) sinestrals.
B) carminatives.
C) minor hemisphere dominants.
D) dextrals.
E) none of the above
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Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health
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154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research have focused on the role of two brain structures in emotion: the
A) hypothalamus and amygdala.
B) medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
C) hippocampus and PAG.
D) hypothalamus and hippocampus.
E) hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
Q2) Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by A) head bobbing.
B) head nodding.
C) wing flapping.
D) pointing their beaks away from one another.
E) none of the above
Q3) Patients with gastric ulcers are helped by A) antibiotics.
B) psychological treatments, even if they don't reduce H. pylori infection.
C) psychological treatments, but only if they reduce H. pylori infection.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
Q4) Lie detection is also known as __________.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders
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137 Verified Questions
137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When anxiety disrupts normal behavioral functioning, it is generally referred to as A) fear.
B) hypertension
C) an anxiety disorder.
D) a panic disorder.
E) a phobia.
Q2) Lena sat for hours in the middle of the floor staring into space; she was totally unresponsive and displayed waxy flexibility.She was diagnosed with stuporous __________ schizophrenia.
Q3) Common verbal tics of Tourette syndrome include A) echolalia.
B) coprolalia.
C) palilia.
D) barking.
E) all of the above
Q4) The ideal control treatments in human clinical trials are __________ placebos, placebos that produce the same side effects as those produced by the drug under investigation.
Q5) Fluoxetine, or __________, is an SSRI.
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