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Psychology of Learning and Behavior Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles and theories underlying how humans and animals learn and adapt their behavior. Students will examine classical and operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive processes in learning, and the biological bases of behavior. The course emphasizes both historical perspectives and current research findings, covering key topics such as reinforcement, punishment, memory processes, social learning, and applications in educational and clinical settings. Through lectures, case studies, and practical examples, students will gain an understanding of how learning processes shape behavior and influence everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Biopsychology 8th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
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18 Chapters
2675 Verified Questions
2675 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Biopsychology As a Neuroscience
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89 Verified Questions
89 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientists study past ice ages, evolution, neural inhibition, gravity, evaporation, and thinking by
A) neuroscience.
B) scientific inference.
C) generalization.
D) operational sets.
E) direct observation.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is the youngest scientific discipline?
A) physics
B) astrology
C) biology
D) biopsychology
E) chemistry
Answer: D
Q3) The study of nervous system disorders is called __________.
Answer: neuropathology
Q4) __________ are the biopsychologists who focus on the study of human patients with brain damage.
Answer: Neuropsychologists
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience
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143 Verified Questions
143 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, the brain stem regulates
A) thinking.
B) memory.
C) emotion.
D) reflex activities critical for survival.
E) vision.
Answer: D
Q2) __________ RNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm of the cell body.
Answer: Messenger
Q3) The two genes that control the same trait are called __________.
Answer: alleles
Q4) The first hominins are thought to have evolved about
A) 200 million years ago.
B) 100 million years ago.
C) 50 million years ago.
D) 6 million years ago.
E) 1 million years ago.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
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153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the A) telencephalon.
B) diencephalon.
C) mesencephalon.
D) myelencephalon.
E) metencephalon.
Answer: A
Q2) The inferior and superior colliculi compose the A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) tectum.
D) hippocampus.
E) cerebellum.
Answer: C
Q3) The three-layered cortical structure of the medial temporal lobe is the __________.
Answer: hippocampus
Q4) The brain and spinal cord compose the __________ system. Answer: central nervous
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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease because
A) dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS.
B) Parkinson's disease is a cholinergic dysfunction.
C) Parkinson's disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction.
D) d'Orta is the treatment of choice.
E) dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
Q2) The enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is
A) dopamine.
B) L-DOPA.
C) acetylcholine.
D) acetylcholinesterase.
E) a G protein.
Q3) Peptide neurotransmitters are
A) synthesized in the cell body.
B) amino acid chains.
C) large-molecule neurotransmitters.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C
Q4) There are two kinds postsynaptic potentials : EPSPS and __________.
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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) This apparatus is
A) an elevated plus maze.
B) a Hebb-Williams maze.
C) a wheel maze.
D) a Morris maze.
E) none of the above
Q2) Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it
A) pictures the brain in fine detail.
B) involves angiography.
C) provides an image of brain function.
D) provides an image of brain structure.
E) involves low levels of radioactivity.
Q3) Sexually receptive female rats often assume the __________ posture when mounted by a male rat.
Q4) Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR?
A) gonads
B) pituitary gland
C) sweat glands
D) pancreas
E) thymus gland
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Visual System
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lashley experienced an interesting completion effect: The face of his friend was replaced by the background wallpaper pattern.This occurred during A) a seizure.
B) a migraine attack.
C) a flash back.
D) blindsight.
E) recovery from a brain tumor.
Q2) The bleaching of rhodopsin by light
A) triggers inhibitory effects.
B) closes rod sodium channels.
C) hyperpolarizes the rods.
D) reduces the release of glutamate from rods.
E) all of the above
Q3) The perception of Mach bands results from A) ommatidia.
B) mutual excitement.
C) mutual consent.
D) lateral facilitation.
E) lateral inhibition.
Q4) Accommodation is controlled by the __________ muscles.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus is
A) psychophysiological.
B) analgesic.
C) neuropathic.
D) pheromonal.
E) psychophysical.
Q2) Painful stimuli are also referred to as __________ stimuli.
Q3) The most common neurological cause of anosmia is
A) a tumor.
B) an infection.
C) a blow to the head.
D) a convulsion.
E) a blow to the nose.
Q4) An area of cerebral cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system is classified as
A) hierarchical cortex.
B) primary sensory cortex.
C) secondary sensory cortex.
D) association cortex.
E) both A and B
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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Monkeys had difficulty letting go of food after their
A) dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tracts were transected.
B) dorsolateral corticospinal tracts were transected.
C) ventromedial corticospinal tracts were transected.
D) cerebellum was lesioned.
E) basal ganglia were lesioned.
Q2) Which midbrain structure receives visual and auditory information about spatial location?
A) tectum
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) tegmentum
E) vestibular nucleus
Q3) The same basic movement can be made in a variety of ways involving different muscles: This important principle is called motor __________.
Q4) The area of association cortex that is thought to integrate the spatial information that is required to initiate an accurate movement is the __________ cortex.
Q5) __________ is the ability to recognize objects by touch.
Q6) The two descending __________ motor pathways control movements of the trunk.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Apoptosis is safer than necrosis because apoptosis does not involve A) neuron death.
B) inflammation.
C) suicide.
D) degeneration.
E) synapse rearrangement.
Q2) Discuss the developmental progression of totipotency, multipotency, and embryonic stem cells.Why are stem cells so interesting to medical researchers ?
Q3) Radial migration of developing neurons occurs along __________ cells.
Q4) Most of the cell death associated with early development of the brain is A) necrotic.
B) passive.
C) apoptotic.
D) both A and B
E) both B and C
Q5) Enriched environments increase adult neurogenesis in the rat hippocampus.This effect occurs largely, if not entirely, because rats living in enriched environments tend to get more __________.
Q6) The first neurotrophin to be isolated was __________ factor.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brain inflammation resulting from an infection is A) general paresis.
B) dementia.
C) encephalitis.
D) meningitis.
E) tardive dyskinesia.
Q2) Most neuropsychological diseases of genetic origin are not associated with a dominant gene.Explain why this is so, and describe two situations in which there could be an exception to this general principle.Finally, describe a neuropsychological disease associated with a dominant gene, and explain why it is an exception.
Q3) Huntington's disease is caused by
A) a single dominant gene.
B) a neurotoxin.
C) an infection.
D) a single recessive gene.
E) a decline in dopamine.
Q4) It is critical to identify the primary symptom of a disorder.Explain and discuss with respect to Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid hypothesis.What evidence is there for the amyloid hypothesis? Are there alternative hypotheses?
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Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The reduction of cholinergic activity in the brains of predementia Alzheimer patients results from damage to the
A) basal forebrain.
B) frontal cortex.
C) mediodorsal nuclei.
D) rhinal cortex.
E) mammillary bodies.
Q2) On which of the following tests did H.M.display substantial long-term memory as indicated by improved performance?
A) Pavlovian conditioning test
B) block-tapping +1 test
C) mirror-drawing test
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
Q3) The cerebellum is thought to store memories of
A) learned sensorimotor skills.
B) faces.
C) time.
D) objects.
E) spatial locations.
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Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Set-point theories of hunger and eating are inconsistent with A) eating-related evolutionary pressures as we understand them.
B) the major effects on eating of taste, learning, and social factors.
C) the failure of researchers to confirm that energy deficits are the usual stimulus for eating.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C
Q2) Which of the following produces a substantial increase in the caloric intake of laboratory rats and a significant increase in their body weight?
A) removing thiamine from their usual laboratory chow
B) adding thiamine to their usual laboratory chow
C) offering them a cafeteria diet, rather than their usual laboratory diet
D) sham feeding them
E) both C and D
Q3) The first hormone to meet the criteria of a negative feedback fat signal was
Q4) The phase of energy metabolism that occurs after all of the energy from the most recent meal has been used is the __________ phase.
Q5) In the wild, __________ tastes are often associated with toxins.
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Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the text, the "mamawawa" is an African culture
A) whose sexual practices appear bizarre from the North American perspective.
B) in which the female is dominant.
C) in which weak males are castrated at puberty.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) Most hormones fit into one of the following three categories:
A) complex carbohydrates, sugars, or proteins.
B) amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins, or steroids.
C) peptide chains, saccharide chains, or amino acids.
D) exocrine, endocrine, or androgens.
E) peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
Q3) Same-sex sexual preferences have been induced in several species by perinatal
A) castration of males.
B) castration of females.
C) testosterone injections in males.
D) testosterone injections in females.
E) both A and D
Q4) Ear wiggling is a __________ (solicitation)behavior in female rats.
Q5) Dihydrotestosterone is a __________ androgen.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms
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186 Verified Questions
186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The advantage of the carousel apparatus is that the __________ control procedure is an integral part of it.
Q2) Describe the neural and molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock and the research that led to their discovery.
Q3) During REM sleep, there
A) is a general increase in muscle tension in the muscles of the body core.
B) is an absence of EMG activity in the muscles of the body core.
C) are occasional bursts of delta activity.
D) are occasional bursts of EMG activity from the cortex.
E) both B and C
Q4) Most mammals and birds
A) sleep.
B) have sleep that is similar to human sleep.
C) have sleep that is characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity that is punctuated by periods of low-amplitude, high frequency EEG activity.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q5) The __________ apparatus has been used to study the effects of sleep deprivation in rats.
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Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brains Reward Circuits
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An important advantage of the oral route of drug administration in comparison to other conventional routes is its relative
A) predictability.
B) ease.
C) safety.
D) all of the above
E) both B and C
Q2) After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects, that are usually
A) similar to the initial effects of the drug.
B) opposite to the initial effects of the drug.
C) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but more severe.
D) similar to the initial effects of the drug, but much less severe.
E) no longer than a few minutes.
Q3) Delirium tremens is a symptom of __________ withdrawal.
Q4) __________ disease is a condition experienced by tobacco users; it is associated with the constriction of the blood vessels of the periphery, particularly the feet.
Q5) The strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium is __________.
Q6) The before-and-after design is used to study __________ drug tolerance.
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Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain
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170 Verified Questions
170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sodium amytal and dichotic listening tests are commonly used tests of A) audition.
B) intelligence.
C) handedness.
D) language lateralization.
E) brain damage.
Q2) Split-brain patients are those who A) have been commissurotomized.
B) have split personalities.
C) are schizophrenic.
D) have cerebral commissures.
E) have only one hemisphere.
Q3) The findings of the brain stimulation studies of Ojemann and colleagues suggest that language abilities might be organized in the cortex like a A) mosaic.
B) phonograph.
C) text book.
D) lexicon.
E) serial.
Q4) Interpreting the meaning of a word is called a __________ analysis.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health
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154 Verified Questions
154 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals
A) submission.
B) hunger.
C) anger.
D) aggression.
E) threat.
Q2) The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the A) orbicularis smile.
B) Ekman smile.
C) Duchenne smile.
D) legitimate smile.
E) Pinel smirk.
Q3) Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their A) mouse killing.
B) play.
C) defensive attack.
D) risk assessment.
E) social aggression.
Q4) Lie detection is also known as __________.
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Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders
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137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dopamine agonist is to dopamine antagonist as A) reserpine is to chlorpromazine.
B) cocaine is to reserpine.
C) reserpine is to amphetamine.
D) chlorpromazine is to reserpine.
E) amphetamine is to cocaine.
Q2) There are two common classes of schizophrenic symptoms; __________ schizophrenic symptoms do not usually respond to neuroleptic therapy.
Q3) Clinically effective tricyclic antidepressants, inhibit the reuptake of A) serotonin.
B) norepinephrine.
C) GABA.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
Q4) __________ receptor blockers are commonly used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome.
Q5) Depression for which there is no apparent cause is called __________ depression.
Q6) Describe the development of conventional antischizophrenic drugs and how these drugs implicated dopamine in the mechanisms of schizophrenia.
Page 20
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