Psychology of Language Review Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Language explores the cognitive and neural processes that underlie the human capacity for language. The course examines topics such as language acquisition, comprehension, speech production, reading, and the relationship between language and thought. Students investigate how language is processed in the brain, how it develops in children, and how it can be affected by injury or illness. Integrating findings from experimental psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, and cognitive science, this course offers an in-depth understanding of how language is represented, processed, and used in social and individual contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E.
Bruce Goldstein
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13 Chapters
801 Verified Questions
801 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a
A) reaction time task.
B) simple reaction time task.
C) choice reaction time task.
D) presentation task.
Answer: B
Q2) According to your text, the behavioral approach to the study of the mind involves A) measuring the relation between stimulation and brain processes.
B) controlling behavior by presenting positive reinforcements.
C) measuring the relation between stimuli and behavior.
D) controlling behavior by presenting negative reinforcements.
Answer: C
Q3) The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to A) show that reaction times can be measured accurately.
B) measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.
C) determine differences in the way people react to stimuli.
D) show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent research on language has modified our earlier understanding of Broca's aphasia such that it is now understood as a problem in
A) language production but not understanding.
B) language production but not meaning.
C) language form but not meaning.
D) language meaning but not form.
Answer: C
Q2) An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity.If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are
A) less frequent and smaller in size.
B) less frequent and of the same size.
C) as frequent and smaller in size.
D) the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is
A) conjunction.
B) perceptual organization.
C) perceptual discriminability.
D) perceptual fusion.
Answer: B
Q2) Things that form patterns that are meaningful are likely to be grouped together according to the law of A) simplicity.
B) similarity.
C) pragnanz.
D) familiarity.
Answer: D
Q3) Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide are actions are called A) perception.
B) sensation.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Strayer and Johnston's (2001)experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs."handheld" cell phones found that
A) talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.
B) driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.
C) driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones.
D) divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
Q2) According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
A) The word "house"
B) Their spouse's first name
C) The word "fire"
D) The word "platypus"
Q3) Compare and contrast location- and object-based attention.Give a set of experimental results to support each type of model.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) occipital lobe
Q2) Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw ____ of the 12 letters in the display.
A) 12
B) 10
C) 6
D) 3
Q3) Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the
A) physiological approach to coding.
B) mental approach to coding.
C) physiological and mental approach to coding.
D) study of articulatory suppression.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment)is associated with A) LTM.
B) STM.
C) sensory memory.
D) implicit memory.
Q2) Explain how research on brain-damaged individuals informs our understanding of priming in implicit memory.
Q3) Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably A) represent different aspects of the same mechanism.
B) are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other.
C) both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
D) are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
Q4) Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.
A) first five words
B) middle five words
C) last five words
D) first five and the last five words
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8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Sample Questions
Q1) Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
A) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"
B) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants"
C) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
D) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
Q2) You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam.You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam.Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home.Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.
A) excited
B) calm
C) nervous
D) neutral
Q3) Your text explains what memory research tells us about studying.Name and describe the five techniques for improving learning and memory given in the text's discussion, and what experimental result supports each technique.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony.One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people.
A) decreasing B) increasing
Q2) A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of A) a sequence of actions.
B) what is involved in a particular experience.
C) information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. D) items appropriate to a particular setting.
Q3) Suppose that your friend has just done poorly on a very important college exam.She is complaining about her memory failures and wishing she could develop photographic-type memory to make life easier.Provide four separate pieces of evidence (experimental, case study, etc.)to develop a compelling argument about why it is actually beneficial that human memory is NOT like a video recorder.
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?
A) Raven
B) Duck
C) Hummingbird
D) Sparrow
Q2) In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
A) a statement is true.
B) a letter string is a word.
C) a stimulus is presented.
D) two stimuli are associated.
Q3) According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.
A) superordinate
B) prototypical
C) basic
D) subordinate
Q4) Describe the evidence from both physiological research and patient data to explain how categories are represented in the brain.
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
A) perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms.
B) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.
C) imagery is more stable than perception.
D) imagery occurs more automatically than perception.
Q2) The water-pouring problem, in particular, shows that its solution using imagery cannot depend on
A) a rule-based approach.
B) mental simulation.
C) tacit-knowledge.
D) working memory.
Q3) In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.
A) bottom-up; bottom-up
B) top-down; top-down
C) bottom-up; top-down
D) top-down; bottom-up
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Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
A) separate a sentence into individual words.
B) decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
C) identify words that are contained in sentences.
D) decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
Q2) Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify
A) 100% of the words spoken by their own voices.
B) 50% of the words spoken by their own voices.
C) 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs.
D) none of the words spoken by others.
Q3) The given-new contract is a method for creating
A) coherence in people's conversations.
B) children's mastery of syntax.
C) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.
D) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.
A) source
B) target
C) exemplar
D) prototype
Q2) The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s)an important role in solving scientific problems.
A) analogies
B) insight
C) flexibility
D) subgoals
Q3) Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.
A) gradually rise; gradually rise
B) gradually rise; rise suddenly just
C) rise suddenly just; gradually rise
D) vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract)version of the Wason four-card problem is that they
A) ignore the falsification principle.
B) are influenced by the atmosphere effect.
C) confuse the ideas of validity and truth.
D) incorrectly apply the permission schema.
Q2) Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT
A) the availability heuristic.
B) illusory correlations.
C) selective attention.
D) the falsification principle.
Q3) Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight.
Premise 2: I ate lunch today.
Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight.
This syllogism is an example of A) affirming the consequent B) denying the antecedent.
C) affirming the consequent.
D) denying the antecedent
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