Psychology of Individual Differences
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Psychology of Individual Differences explores the ways in which people vary in their psychological traits, including intelligence, personality, motivation, and emotional responses. This course examines the theories, research methods, and assessment tools used to study how and why individuals differ. Students will investigate genetic, environmental, and cultural influences on psychological diversity and consider the implications of individual differences in educational, clinical, and organizational settings. The course also discusses contemporary issues such as the nature versus nurture debate, the measurement of traits, and the impact of individual differences on mental health and wellbeing.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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16 Chapters
963 Verified Questions
963 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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51 Verified Questions
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Q1) Which approach to personality is most likely to argue that genetics plays an important role in determining personality and behavior?
A)Psychoanalytic
B)Biological
C)Humanistic
D)Behavioral/social learning
Answer: B
Q2) Of the following approaches,which ignores inherited influences the most?
A)Cognitive
B)Biological
C)Trait
D)Psychoanalytic
Answer: A
Q3) What are the four essential components for the study of personality? Choose one of the six general approaches to personality and use it as an example to illustrate the differences in these components.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) Which of the following is correct about the case study method?
A)It should only be used when a large number of participants cannot be examined.
B)It has been used almost exclusively by psychologists from the psychoanalytic perspective.
C)It is used only to generate hypotheses and illustrate treatments.
D)Sometimes it is more appropriate than conducting an experiment.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is not true about a good theory?
A)It uses as few concepts as necessary to explain a phenomenon.
B)It can generate many testable hypotheses.
C)It is never proved or disproved.
D)All experts agree it is correct.
Answer: D
Q3) If the difference in a measured behavior is so small between experimental groups that it could be caused by a chance fluctuation,then we say
A)the result failed to reach statistical significance.
B)the result reached statistical significance.
C)the result was reliable between groups.
D)the result established a cause-and-effect relationship.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) Suppose you use one of the defense mechanisms described by Freud significantly more than any of the others.If you are a well-adjusted and productive person,which defense mechanism would that probably be?
A)Repression
B)Sublimation
C)Displacement
D)Reaction formation
Answer: B
Q2) If Sigmund Freud were to have abandoned his concept of the Oedipus complex,he would have needed to come up with another explanation for how
A)unconscious needs are expressed in dreams.
B)the superego develops.
C)fixation affects adult personalities.
D)defense mechanisms work.
Answer: B
Q3) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: Answer not provided
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.
Q2) Hypnotic subjects told that the experimenter's machinery can determine if they are lying or not often fail to show posthypnotic amnesia.This finding is seen as evidence for A)neodissociation theory.
B)psychoanalytic theories of hypnosis.
C)sociocognitive theories of hypnosis.
D)the "hidden observer" phenomenon.
Q3) Which of the following is false about sexual jokes?
A)Freud suggested we laugh at sexual jokes to reduce tension.
B)Jokes are often tolerated when open discussions of sex are inappropriate.
C)Most sexually oriented jokes contain a great deal of humor.
D)Freud argued that the humor content of a sexual joke rarely justifies the laughter.
Q4) Write about a dream you have had and give an example of a psychoanalytic interpretation of it. Why do people dream,according to Freud? Summarize the research findings on dreams that challenge Freud's theory of dreaming.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Jung identified all but one of the following as a place in which the primordial images in our collective unconscious can surface.Which one?
A)Choice of occupation
B)Psychotic hallucinations
C)Cultural symbols
D)Our dreams
Q2) Which of the following is made up of primordial images (archetypes),according to Jung?
A)Superego
B)Adult personality
C)The id
D)Collective unconscious
Q3) According to Jung,modern psychotherapists often take on the role once provided by A)grandparents.
B)the clergy.
C)physicians.
D)faith healers.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) In contrast to Freud's theory,object relations theorists
A)focus on internal drives and conflicts.
B)are interested in the intellectual and emotional development of the infant.
C)are interested in an infant's relationship with his or her parents.
D)do not believe that children develop unconscious representations of significant objects in their environment.
Q2) Suppose you have a shy friend who gets anxious whenever there are popular people nearby.The anxiety is so bad that your friend cannot speak around others. Which form of anxiety is your friend most likely experiencing?
A)Reality anxiety
B)Neurotic anxiety
C)Moral anxiety
D)Superego anxiety
Q3) According to research on the frustration-aggression hypothesis,we would expect a frustrated man who is allowed to act aggressively to experience
A)catharsis and reduce his aggression.
B)catharsis and increase his aggression.
C)no catharsis and reduce his aggression.
D)no catharsis and increase his aggression.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Q1) To discover the structure of personality,Cattell used a sophisticated statistical technique called correlation analysis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true about the five-factor model?
A)Few have criticized it for its lack of predictive value.
B)Hypotheses about the origin of the Big Five factors were generated after the results of the research were seen.
C)Trait theorists would be better off focusing their research on the five main traits.
D)Both b and c
Q3) One team of researchers improved its ability to predict behavior from personality measures by dividing participants into those for whom the trait is and is not relevant.This approach is similar to that advocated earlier by
A)Gordon Allport.
B)Raymond Cattell.
C)Carl Jung.
D)Henry Murray.
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Marisol is highly motivated to do well in her math class. Satisfaction for her comes from the feeling of proficiency she has when she understands difficult material. Researchers would say that Marisol is motivated by A)a high need for Achievement.
B)a need for recognition.
C)mastery goals.
D)performance goals.
Q2) Define and distinguish among three aspects of emotion that can be examined like personality traits. Describe the characteristics of each aspect of emotion in terms of predictable behavior patterns. What aspects of emotion are related to health and why?
Q3) Shy people are more likely than nonshy people to be polite. A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the differences between introversion and shyness? List all of the characteristics you have learned about social anxiety and discuss the relationship of each one to Freud's original conception of anxiety. From the research presented in the text,contrast between evaluation apprehension as a cause of social anxiety and other possible causes.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) A man tends to have strong reactions to emotional events.He becomes overly excited and panics when facing even mild stress,and takes a long time to recover from these experiences.Eysenck might say this man is high on which personality dimension?
A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Psychoticism
D)Emotionality
Q2) A strength of the biological approach is that
A)it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior.
B)there seems to be no limit to psychologists' ability to test for biological factors.
C)most of its advocates are medical doctors with an interest in treating disease.
D)it makes a variety of suggestions for personality change.
Q3) Eysenck argued that extraverts and introverts differ only in their behavior and not in their physiological makeup.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) A researcher using the twin-study method finds an average correlation of .50 between monozygotic twins' scores on a measure of self-esteem.The researcher finds an average correlation of .30 between dizygotic twins' scores on this measure.The difference between the size of the correlations is statistically significant.What conclusion might the researcher draw from these results?
A)Genetics has more of an influence on self-esteem than environment has.
B)There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
C)There is no evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
D)The results are opposite of what would be expected if there were a genetic influence on self-esteem.
Q2) Researchers using the twin-study method take advantage of which naturally occurring phenomenon?
A)Monozygotic twins have identical genes.
B)Dizygotic twins have similar genes.
C)Monozygotic twins are often treated alike by parents.
D)Dizygotic twins are more alike genetically than typical siblings.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) According to Maslow,which of the following is true about deficiency motives?
A)They affect behavior after most of the lower motives on the hierarchy of needs have been satisfied.
B)They result from the lack of a needed object.
C)They continue to grow even after the target object has been found.
D)They cannot be satisfied until the growth needs are satisfied.
Q2) Which of the following is true about Abraham Maslow's background?
A)He had a happy childhood.
B)He was drawn to psychology by his interest in behaviorism.
C)His writings were not well received by professional psychologists until after his death.
D)He worked closely with Carl Rogers.
Q3) A father tells his son that he loves him when the child is good,but says "I do not like you right now" when the child misbehaves.The father is engaging in A)denial.
B)conditional positive regard.
C)classical conditioning.
D)an anxiety-reduction technique.
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following do researchers find about loneliness?
A)Most people who go to college do not experience loneliness until after they graduate.
B)Typically, only college students who have a consistent tendency to feel lonely experience loneliness.
C)Loneliness is a problem on college campuses, but primarily at large, impersonal schools.
D)The majority of college students experience loneliness on occasion.
Q2) Personality researchers have found that people with low self-esteem have a typical reaction to failure. They often react by
A)seeking psychotherapy.
B)blaming others for their faults.
C)making negative assessments of others.
D)losing their motivation.
Q3) If Malory is high in self-esteem,research findings suggest she is probably A)anxious or depressed.
B)stable in her feelings of self-worth.
C)either low or average in feelings of self-worth.
D)either high or low in self-worth, because the two concepts are not correlated.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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Q1) From Bandura's research on observational learning in children we can conclude that whether a child performs an aggressive act depends on
A)the amount of social encouragement the child has received to be aggressive.
B)how extremely aggressive the behavior is.
C)whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished.
D)whether the model is the child's parent.
Q2) A woman shows no interest in socializing with other people.How might a behaviorist explain this behavior?
A)The woman does not believe that she can interact effectively with other people.
B)The woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior.
C)The woman experiences anxiety in social situations and uses her asocial style as a defense against this anxiety.
D)The woman is either high in social anxiety or low in sociability.
Q3) Many complex human behaviors cannot be learned through classical or operant conditioning but are acquired through observational learning.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) According to Bandura's model,children can learn aggressive behaviors even when they
A)do not pay attention to the model's behavior.
B)do not remember the model's behavior.
C)are not rewarded for engaging in the behavior.
D)do not notice the model's behavior.
Q2) Which of the following is not a reason why increased aggression is of particular concern from playing violent video games?
A)Players actively engage in practicing violent acts.
B)The increased aggressiveness lasts for several minutes after playing.
C)Players are rewarded for participating in violent acts.
D)Players pay particular attention to weapons, outfitting, and ammunition types.
Q3) According to the learned helplessness model,one way to treat depression is to
A)give the depressed person a successful experience at controlling an important event.
B)explain to the depressed person that he or she cannot control everything.
C)give the depressed person a series of pleasant experiences.
D)pair the unpleasant feelings with a pleasant experience.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Participants in one study recalled words better when they had been asked first whether or not the word described them (rather than,for example,if the word had been printed in large letters).Researchers interpret this to mean that
A)the participants had to think about the word more when asked if it described them.
B)the self-description questions generated more interest for the participants than the other questions.
C)the self-description questions generated a stronger emotional reaction for the participants than the other questions.
D)the participants processed the information for the self-description questions through a self-schema.
Q2) Which of the following would most likely be of interest to a theorist from the cognitive approach?
A)The impact of delaying reinforcement on responding
B)The number of words recalled from memory
C)The effect of self-concept on daily mood
D)The best techniques for uncovering unconscious thoughts
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) All of the following statements about emotional memories are true except one. Which one is false?
A)Women attend to emotional information more than men.
B)Recalling one sad experience is more likely to trigger another sad memory for women than for men.
C)Both happy and sad memories are more accessible for women than men.
D)The links between emotional memories are stronger for men than women.
Q2) Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that,compared to men,women
A)are more dependent on other people.
B)have a larger network of friends.
C)are more mature socially.
D)are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.
Q3) How do men and women differ in their emotional memories and the kinds of information they process more rapidly? Give an example of your own of an independent self-construal and an interdependent self-construal. How do the genders differ in these cognitive representations of the self?
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