Psychology of Health and Illness Solved
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Course Introduction
Psychology of Health and Illness explores the complex interplay between psychological factors and physical health. The course examines how thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and social contexts influence the onset, progression, and management of illness, as well as the promotion of healthy behaviors. Topics include stress and coping mechanisms, patients adherence to medical advice, the psychological aspects of chronic and terminal illness, pain management, and preventive health. Through scientific research and case studies, students gain insight into both individual and community approaches to fostering wellness and understanding the biopsychosocial model of health care.
Recommended Textbook Health Psychology 10th Edition by Taylor
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Chapter 1: What Is Health Psychology
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Q1) Explain how changing patterns of illness have contributed to the rise of health psychology.
Answer: Until the 20th century,the major causes of illness and death in the United States were acute disorders,such as tuberculosis,pneumonia,and other infectious diseases.However,the prevalence of acute infectious disorders has significantly declined because of treatment innovations and changes in public health standards.Nowadays,chronic illnesses,such as heart disease,cancer,and respiratory diseases,are the main contributors to disability and death,particularly in industrialized countries.
Q2) Most of the research in health psychology is guided by
A)practical problems.
B)proven theory.
C)unproven hypothesis.
D)clinical trials.
Answer: A
Q3) The biopsychosocial model emphasizes the importance of an effective patient-practitioner relationship.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Systems of the Body
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Q1) The _____ glands are small glands located on top of each of the kidneys.
A)pineal
B)pituitary
C)thyroid
D)adrenal
Answer: D
Q2) _____,a malignant lymphoma,involves the progressive,chronic enlargement of the lymph nodes,spleen,and other lymphatic tissue.
A)Parkinson's disease
B)Meningitis
C)Epilepsy
D)Hodgkin's disease
Answer: D
Q3) _____ cancer is known to be the most lethal form of cancer that affects women.
A)Vaginal
B)Ovarian
C)Endometrial
D)Cervical
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Health Behaviors
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Q1) Most people do not perceive their risks correctly,and they view their poor health behaviors as shared by everyone.This perception is often
A)unrealistically optimistic.
B)unrealistically pessimistic.
C)socially influenced.
D)unambiguous.
Answer: A
Q2) According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change,interventions that emphasize providing self reinforcement,social support,stimulus control,and coping skills are likely to be most successful with individuals
A)moving through the precontemplation phase into the contemplation phase.
B)in the contemplation phase.
C)in the preparation phase.
D)moving through the action phase into the long-term maintenance phase.
Answer: D
Q3) Self talk helps participants to talk themselves through tempting situations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Health-Promoting Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Training in _____ includes planning skills and formation of explicit behavioral intentions,which can improve dietary adherence.
A)self-regulation
B)self-affirmation
C)self-efficacy
D)self-validation
Q2) Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)sleep consists of _____ stages.
A)nine
B)seven
C)two
D)four
Q3) Individuals who are _____ do a better job of adhering to a healthy diet.
A)emotional
B)lean
C)overweight
D)intelligent
Q4) People who have high levels of hostility or arousal have poor sleep quality.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the physical and psychological benefits of exercise.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Health-Compromising Behaviors
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Q1) Research shows that most alcoholics eventually receive some formal treatment for their addiction to alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Alcoholics Anonymous was one of the earliest _____ for people suffering from alcohol-related health problems.
A)out-groups
B)self-help groups
C)for-profit organizations
D)government-funded organizations
Q3) Which of the following components,if included,can produce up to a 40 percent treatment success rate for alcoholism?
A)excluding relatives and employers from the treatment process
B)increasing the length of treatment by several months
C)gradually reducing alcohol consumption over a period of time
D)instilling coping skills to manage environmental pressures
Q4) Explain the problem of relapse in the treatment of alcohol abuse.Which intervention strategies address this problem most effectively?
Q5) What are the factors associated with smoking in adolescents?
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Chapter 6: Stress
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Q1) Studies of vulnerable populations,for example children,older adults,etc. ,who are exposed to a chronic stressor indicate that they
A)eventually habituate to high levels of the stressor.
B)exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors.
C)exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of helplessness.
D)eventually learn to change their task strategies and focus to accommodate the noise in their environments.
Q2) The relationship between scores on the stressful life events inventory and illness is A)negligible.
B)modest.
C)robust.
D)unpredictable.
Q3) Karoshi is a Japanese term that refers to A)sudden nocturnal death.
B)death from overwork.
C)stress-related mental illness.
D)euthanasia.
Q4) Define daily hassles.How do they affect physical and psychological health?
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Chapter 7: Coping,resilience,and Social Support
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Q1) Providing emotional support involves
A)supplying an individual with factual and informational knowledge about a stressful situation.
B)giving material support to an individual in a stressful situation.
C)assisting an individual without his or her knowledge.
D)reassuring an individual that he or she is valuable and cared for.
Q2) In stress management interventions,_____ helps people set specific goals,establish priorities,and learn what to ignore.
A)self-instruction
B)emotional support
C)time management
D)tangible assistance
Q3) Explain the term stress moderators,and provide an example of a stress moderator.
Q4) What is a biopsychosocial pathway,and how is it beneficial in promoting health?
Q5) Define social support,and elucidate the different forms of social support.
Q6) Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?
A)It encourages individuals to accept adverse environmental conditions.
B)It encourages people to be self-reliant when coping with stress.
C)It promotes active and persistent coping efforts in individuals.
Page 9
D)It fosters a sense of external control over circumstances.
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Chapter 8: Using Health Services
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to commonsense models of illness,which of the following statements describes a timeline?
A)the length of time that an illness is expected to last
B)the symptoms and treatments of an illness and its consequences
C)the period of time between the detection of an illness and the start of treatment
D)the cogent representation of illness in lay referral networks
Q2) Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the Internet for health care information?
A)Most physicians do not trust the information provided online.
B)Inaccurate information on the Web can make symptoms worse.
C)No health care information can be found on the Internet.
D)The medical information available online tends to focus exclusively on prenatal care.
Q3) Symptoms that are painful are more likely to prompt a person to seek medical treatment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the factors that facilitate the recognition of health-related symptoms.
Q5) Briefly explain the categories of people who use health services.
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Chapter 9: Patients,providers,and Treatments
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Q1) A _____ diet restricts vegetarian consumption primarily to grains,cereals,and vegetables,and it requires greater attention to nutritional content.
A)macrobiotic
B)vegan
C)kangatarian
D)flexitarian
Q2) Which of the following is a provider behavior that erodes communication between a patient and a physician?
A)enthusiasm
B)inattentiveness
C)hyperactivity
D)shared decision making
Q3) _____ treats patients using diluted preparations that cause symptoms similar to those from which the patient suffers.
A)Homeopathy
B)Ayurveda
C)Traditional Chinese Medicine
D)Dietary supplements
Q4) Define placebo and its function as a methodological tool.
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Chapter 10: The Management of Pain and Discomfort
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Q1) _____ is a sensory technique of inhibiting pain where a set of small electrodes is placed near the point at which the nerve fibers from the painful area enter the spinal cord.When the patient experiences pain,he or she activates a radio signal,which delivers a mild electrical stimulus to that area of the spine.
A)Spinal block
B)Spinal cord stimulation
C)Acupuncture
D)Biofeedback
Q2) Explain biofeedback and relaxation techniques for pain management.
Q3) _____ is defined as a disorder in which the small arteries in the extremities constrict,limiting blood flow and producing a cold,numb aching.
A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Raynaud's disease
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Hodgkin's disease
Q4) What is pain control? Briefly explain the traditional methods of controlling pain.
Q5) Why is the distinction between acute and chronic pain important in clinical management?
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Chapter 11: Management of Chronic Health Disorders
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Q1) Alex is suffering from migraine.He avoids it completely by eating and sleeping excessively.Which of the following coping strategies is Alex using here?
A)distancing
B)cognitive escape
C)behavioral escape
D)social support
Q2) During physical rehabilitation,patients need a ________ management program for the alleviation of discomfort.
A)health
B)mind
C)disease
D)pain
Q3) Functional somatic disorders are more common in men than in women.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All chronic health disorders require physical rehabilitation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How are patients' beliefs about chronic health disorders related to adjustment?
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Chapter 12: Psychological Issues in Advancing and Terminal Illness
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Q1) Among women who are depressed in widowhood,_____ appears to be the biggest burden.
A)financial strain
B)loneliness
C)household management
D)instrumental need
Q2) Patients are less likely to turn to alternative treatments when they are satisfied
A)with the interpersonal aspects of their medical care.
B)with the technical aspects of their medical care.
C)that the costs of medical care can be borne by their families.
D)that the medical establishment can do nothing more to improve their condition.
Q3) Palliative care involves
A)final attempts to cure the terminally ill patient.
B)life-prolonging interventions such as placing the patient on a respirator.
C)ending the life of a patient who is suffering from a painful terminal illness.
D)custodial work designed to make the patient feel comfortable.
Q4) There has been a great deal of interest in hospice and home care for the terminally ill.What are the advantages of each for patients and care providers? What are the disadvantages?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Heart Disease, hypertension, stroke, and Type Ii
Diabetes
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Q1) In the context of coronary heart disease (CHD),which of the following statements is true about women?
A)They are less likely to die from a first heart attack than men.
B)They experience an increased risk of CHD after menopause.
C)They develop CHD on an average of about 15 years earlier than do men.
D)They are protected at young ages against CHD due to their lower levels of HDL cholesterol.
Q2) The risk factors for stroke
A)are independent of those for heart disease.
B)decrease with age.
C)cannot be modified by lifestyle changes.
D)include cigarette smoking.
Q3) A systolic pressure consistently between 140 and 159 indicates
A)moderate hypertension.
B)severe hypertension.
C)mild hypertension.
D)critical hypertension.
Q4) Aspirin has been found to significantly reduce the risk for fatal heart attack.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Psychoneuroimmunology and
Immune-Related Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children do better managing their diabetes regimen when their parents
A)direct all their efforts to control diet to avoid hypoglycemia.
B)convince them that they are normal.
C)ensure that the children's blood glucose levels stay steady.
D)trust their children to adequately self-manage the treatment regimen.
Q2) Juan is very stressed about his recent divorce.He is preoccupied with thoughts of his ex-wife.How is this stress likely to affect his immune system?
A)It will not affect his immune system.
B)His immune system will be less active than before.
C)His immune system will be more active than before.
D)Certain immune parameters will function better than before.
Q3) Impaired immune functioning has been found in samples of adults who have experienced short-term marital conflict,marital separation,and divorce.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A common symptom for women with AIDS is gynecologic infection.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How do psychosocial factors influence the initiation and course of cancer?
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Chapter 15: Health Psychology Challenges for the Future
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the health care system in the United States?
A)Health care cost is highly economical in the United States.
B)Health care services are being inappropriately used by consumers.
C)Free-of-cost health care is provided by private insurance companies.
D)The United States has no history of health care reforms.
Q2) Trends within medical care suggest that the problem of patient-provider communication is likely to
A)improve.
B)worsen.
C)discontinue after treatment.
D)become less important.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about the health habits of Americans?
A)Exercise has increased among Americans.
B)Obesity among American children is showing a declining trend.
C)Smoking has increased among Americans.
D)Alcohol consumption among Americans has decreased.
Q4) Behavioral immunization programs can be effectively used in health promotion among children.Justify the statement with examples.
Q5) Explain comprehensive intervention models with examples.
Page 17
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