Psychology of Groups Final Exam
Course Introduction
Psychology of Groups explores the principles and dynamics that govern group behavior, focusing on how individuals think, feel, and act within social collectives. The course examines foundational theories of group formation, development, structure, and performance, as well as processes such as group decision-making, conformity, leadership, communication, and conflict resolution. Through case studies, experiments, and applied projects, students analyze how group membership influences individual identity and behavior, and consider the impact of factors such as group size, diversity, norms, and roles. The course equips students with insights into how groups function in a variety of settings, including workplaces, communities, and society at large, emphasizing practical strategies for effective group participation and management.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology and Human Nature Comprehensive Edition 4th Edition by Roy F. Baumeister
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19 Chapters
2843 Verified Questions
2843 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Mission and the Method
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215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following fields is LEAST focused on what happens in the brain, nervous system, and other bodily processes?
A) Biological psychology
B) Physiological psychology
C) Neuroscience
D) Social neuroscience
Answer: D
Q2) Random assignment is one of the defining features of correlational research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Milgram's famous studies of obedience to authority were motivated by which historical event?
A) The Holocaust
B) The fall of Communism
C) The return of soldiers from Desert Storm
D) The Great Depression
Answer: A
Q4) Repeating an experiment is called ____________________.
Answer: replication
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Chapter 2: Culture and Nature
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, ____ psychologists believe that natural selection happens at the individual level. And in general, ____ psychologists believe that it can happen at the group level as well.
A) virtually all; a few B) virtually all; zero C) a few; a few
D) a few; zero
Answer: A
Q2) According to the textbook, compared to animals such as birds, humans ____ the acceptance of others in their social group. A) must work much harder to gain B) are completely uninterested in gaining C) are much less interested in gaining D) are equally interested in gaining
Answer: A
Q3) More diseases cause people to be more ________________, especially toward people who look different, as if the body automatically suspects strange-looking people of carrying illness.
Answer: prejudiced
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Self
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People try to make impressions on others by explicitly telling other people things about themselves ("I have a lot of experience with this"), by wearing certain brands (e.g., Birkenstock, Stussy, Nike, Prada), and by using certain body language (e.g., strutting or crossing one's legs). These are all examples of ____.
A) the looking-glass self
B) self as institution
C) narcissism
D) self-presentation
Answer: D
Q2) Research on self-esteem indicates that ____.
A) if anything, self-esteem in the U.S. (for everyone) is unrealistically high
B) African Americans, as a group, have significantly lower self-esteem than do white Americans, as a group
C) adolescent girls have extremely low self-esteem levels, while adolescent boys have more or less average self-esteem levels
D) women actually have higher self-esteem levels than men do
Answer: A
Q3) The self-verification motive can also be called the ________________motive. Answer: consistency
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Choices and Actions
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195 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Emotionally, suicidal people tend to be ________________.
Q2) Suicide is commonly thought to involve a trade-off between death, which people think will bring ____, and future life, which ____.
A) peace from suffering; people are looking forward to
B) peace from suffering; could turn out to be good
C) pain and suffering; people expect to be terrible
D) pain and suffering; could turn out to be good
Q3) Movies with "R" ratings tend to be more appealing to children and teens than similar movies with "G" or "PG" ratings. This finding is good evidence of ____.
A) error management theory
B) self-monitoring theory
C) reactance theory
D) temporal bias
Q4) Habits are primarily influenced by the ________________ system.
Q5) Personal projects, or personal strivings, are also known as ____.
A) levels of meaning
B) monitoring
C) goals
D) forms of self-reference
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Chapter 5: Social Cognition
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term "cognitive miser" was coined to refer to ____.
A) people's general reluctance to do much extra thinking
B) people's general reluctance to share their ideas with other people
C) people's tendency to give themselves the benefit of the doubt in ambiguous situations
D) people's tendency to blame negative experiences on other people (or on other external circumstances)
Q2) In informal surveys, people always overestimate the number of lesbians who have AIDS. Lesbians actually have extremely low rates of AIDS, but people tend to associate lesbians with gay men (who have relatively high rates). Thus, people tend to think that they see a lesbian-AIDS relationship when in fact there is no such relationship. This is a good example of the ____.
A) false consensus effect
B) illusory correlation
C) belief in a just world hypothesis
D) contrast effect
Q3) What sorts of cognitive biases do people engage in that help them to feel better about themselves (i.e., what cognitive biases work to satisfy the motivation for self-enhancement)?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Emotion and Affect
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198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on gender differences in empathy suggests that ____ in accurately understanding the emotional states of others.
A) women are quite a bit better
B) women are slightly better
C) there are no gender differences
D) men are quite a bit better
Q2) Research on guilt indicates that people mainly feel guilty about things that ____.
A) they have done to themselves
B) they have done to people with whom they are close
C) they have done to acquaintances or strangers
D) people have done to them
Q3) Having Botox injections to one's face will ____ one's ability to understand other's emotions.
A) have no impact on B) improve C) decrease
D) initially improve, but later decrease
Q4) A feeling state that is not clearly linked to any particular event is known as a(n)
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Beliefs and Consistency
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A) Evaluation of information occurs only via the automatic system.
B) Evaluation of information occurs only via the conscious system.
C) The process of taking in information and the process of evaluating whether information is correct or not are intertwined.
D) The process of taking in information is separate from the process of evaluating information.
Q2) Social psychologists use the term ____ to refer to the fact that research reveals only a weak relationship between people's stated attitudes and actual behaviors.
A) behavioral schism
B) the A-B problem
C) cognitive dissonance
D) attitude polarization
Q3) "The world is perfect" is one of the assumptive worlds identified by Janoff-Bulman (1992).
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the potential benefits and costs of holding strong religious beliefs.
Q5) The ease with which an attitude comes to mind is called ________________.
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Chapter 8: Social Influence and Persuasion
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183 Verified Questions
183 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____ technique is a social influence technique in which the influencer interferes with a person's critical thinking by introducing an unexpected element, and then recasts his or her message in a positive light.
A) labeling
B) bait-and-switch
C) door-in-the-face
D) disrupt-then-reframe
Q2) The low-ball technique operates, at least partially, on the principle of ____.
A) reciprocity
B) consistency
C) confusion
D) scarcity
Q3) In general, messages that are highly image-conscious tend to appeal to people who are high in ____.
A) self-monitoring
B) the need for closure
C) the need for cognition
D) their tolerance for ambiguity
Q4) Describe the major results from Hovland's research program on persuasion.
Q5) Who are convert communicators, and when and why are they especially persuasive?
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Chapter 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate ("Elaine") receive electric shocks. They were told either that they had to watch 10 full trials of shocks, or that they could leave after watching the first two trials only. They were also told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate (similar group), or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate (dissimilar group). After the first two trials had been completed, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate-she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. Which group almost never agreed to switch places?
A) The 10-trial high-similarity group
B) The 10-trial low-similarity group
C) The two-trial high-similarity group
D) The two-trial low-similarity group
Q2) Modeling helpful behavior can promote helping behavior equally well whether it is a live model or a televised model.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If laws do not exist or are widely disobeyed, ________________ is said to be lacking.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Aggression and Antisocial Behavior
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Law enforcement officers must often make judgments about whether individuals are lying. Research involving agents from the U.S. Secret Service, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), National Security Agency and Drug Enforcement Agency, as well as California police and judges, suggests that ____.
A) federal law enforcement personnel are excellent at detecting lies, although state-level personnel are not
B) only U.S. Secret Service agents can detect lies at a level better than chance C) while judges are excellent at detecting lies, law enforcement personnel, especially at the federal level, are not
D) law enforcement personnel and others in the justice system uniformly perform levels no better than chance at detecting lies
Q2) What does social psychological research say about the impact of violent media on aggressive behavior? Discuss all of the key conclusions from this research.
Q3) The history of running amok indicates that some aggression is simply uncontrollable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Interpersonal Attraction and Rejection
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198 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tendency to expect rejection from others and to be hypersensitive to rejection, is known as ________________.
Q2) The ____ is an example of familiarity reducing rather than increasing liking.
A) bystander effect
B) propinquity effect
C) bad apple effect
D) social allergy effect
Q3) According to ________________ theory, we are more likely to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past than in other behaviors.
Q4) Who might actually be helped by social rejection and how?
A) People who lack self-control may start to regulate themselves more closely.?
B) People who lack social skills may make more unselfish, altruistic gestures.?
C) People who value independence and uniqueness may become more creative.?
D) People who are not trustworthy may learn how to become more transparent.
Q5) Describe the necessary ingredients for a sense of belongingness.
Q6) The idea that people tend to form relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of attractiveness is known as the ________________ hypothesis.
Q7) Social exclusion can also be called ________________.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality
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188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some research has suggested that women eat less than usual when they are in the presence of an attractive male. They seem to do this because ____.
A) they want to make a good impression-in particular, to seem feminine
B) they want to make a good impression-in particular, to seem polite
C) they become nervous and lose their appetites
D) they become nervous and literally forget about the presence of food
Q2) While ________________ love may be the most effective for starting relationships, ________________ love may be the most effective for sustaining them in the long term.
Q3) Alexis found out her dad had an affair. She is furious and thinks his behavior is completely unacceptable. Later, she learns that her mom had an affair as well. She does not condemn her mother nearly as harshly. Alexis has a(n) ____.
A) parental double standard
B) reverse double standard
C) exchange relationship with her dad, but a communal relationship with her mom
D) exchange relationship with her mom, but a communal relationship with her dad
Q4) Social psychologists use the term ________________ to refer to the fact that a man cannot be sure that children born to his female partner are genetically his.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
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186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the best example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
A) Greg loves to be around attractive people because he thinks that he himself is good-looking (even though he is actually very bad-looking).
B) Greg has a broken arm and cannot write well. As a consequence, his arm gets no exercise.
C) Greg has no health insurance because he is poor and cannot afford it. He therefore gets sick frequently.
D) Greg is a small person. His football coach assumes he is a weak player and ignores him. Consequently, Greg plays horribly.
Q2) Countries that value competition generally have ____ levels of conflict and ____ levels of economic success.
A) higher; higher
B) higher; lower
C) lower; higher
D) lower; lower
Q3) To what degree are stereotypes accurate?
Q4) Certain features of objects or people are more noticeable or obvious than others. Features that are more obvious are called ________________.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Groups
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193 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that you are leading a group project. Research suggests that, in order for your group to be as effective as possible, you should ____.
A) give people complete confidence in the group by telling them never to criticize any ideas that are raised in group discussions
B) require group members to brainstorm all ideas collaboratively as a team, rather than to think up ideas independently
C) have different people "specialize" in different tasks or content areas
D) encourage in the group a sense of being on the moral high ground
Q2) The so-called bad apple effect refers to the idea that ____.
A) at least one person in every social group tends to loaf
B) one social loafer can cause others to loaf as well
C) people are more prone to copy negative behaviors than positive behaviors
D) it is not always easy to tell at a distance who is loafing and who is not
Q3) The more objective power over others a person has, the more critical he or she tends to be of subordinates.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the pros and cons of diverse groups as opposed to homogeneous groups?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Harley Davidson hires researchers to ride motorcycles and attend various events so they can learn more about the way enthusiasts talk about their products, to identify opinion leaders, and ultimately to have good ideas as to product modifications or new items such as Harley Davidson branded clothing and other accessories for motorcycles. This approach is best described as ____.
A) idiographic
B) ethnographic
C) anthropological
D) existential
Q2) The importance of physical location within a store is illustrated by the observation that moving the grocery store deli from the back of the store to the front increase sales by ____.
A) 50%
B) 100%
C) 200%
D) 300%
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17
Chapter 16: Applying Social Psychology to Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) If everyone in North America stopped smoking today, the death rates due to cancer would drop by close to ____.
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
Q2) Amira notices a lump in her breast, but convinces herself that it was always there. As she continues to examine her breasts monthly, the lump remains and seems larger, but each time Amira finds a way to explain it away--the lump is just a result of the uncomfortable bra she was wearing, the lump is connected to her menstrual cycle, and so forth. In fact, she never has the lump investigated because she interprets the lump in terms of her belief that she is "healthy." Amira has succumbed to which social psychological error in thinking?
A) confirmation bias
B) attribution
C) self-fulfilling prophecy
D) chronic negative affect
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Chapter 17: Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) Organizational culture is ____ than organizational climate.
A) more stable
B) less stable
C) more important to managers
D) less important to managers
Q2) Which company was rated the best company to work for (based on employee input) by Fortune in 2014, and why?
A) Facebook, because of the popularity of the application for users worldwide
B) Amazon, because of the financial stability of the company and potential for future growth
C) Apple, because of the extreme competitiveness in the workplace, which fosters employee pride
D) Google, because of the attitudes of the executives towards their employees in terms of benefits and culture
Q3) Employment law in the United States is primarily meant to ____.
A) tell employers who they should and should not hire
B) ensure that protected classes receive preferable treatment
C) prevent employers from imposing their religious beliefs on employees
D) protect and provide equal opportunities for individuals
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Applying Social Psychology to the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) System variables that influence eyewitness identifications in criminal lineups are most analogous to ____ that influence participant behavior in social psychological experiments.
A) interactions
B) confounds
C) demand characteristics
D) confirmation biases
Q2) Suppose that, during jury selection for a criminal trial, defense lawyer Wickens decides that she does not want a potential juror named Bob Strange on the jury. He seems unpredictable to her, but potentially likely to favor the prosecution. She therefore tells the judge that she would like to have Bob removed from the jury panel (without stating her reasoning). It would appear that Bob is being removed via the process of
A) venire
B) voir dire
C) challenge for cause
D) peremptory challenge
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Chapter 19: Applying Social Psychology to the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that you are a ninth grade teacher, and you are trying to get your students to conserve more water and energy in their daily lives. Which of the following approaches is likely to be least successful?
A) Educate them about the need for conservation.
B) Make use of prompts, or reminders, at times when they tend to be wasteful.
C) Have them make public commitments to their parents that they will be less wasteful.
D) Have them make public commitments to their peers that they will be less wasteful.
Q2) The most common occupational disease in the United States is ____.
A) stress-induced ulcers
B) noise-induced hearing loss
C) musculoskeletal disorders
D) toxicity from chemical exposures
Q3) Which of the following is the best example of the one-person trap?
A) Excessive consumption of limited energy resources
B) Overeating
C) Drunk driving
D) Failing to report a witness in a murder
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