Psychology of Education Final Exam
Course Introduction
Psychology of Education explores the principles and theories of psychology as they apply to educational settings. The course examines cognitive, emotional, and social development in learners, as well as individual differences, motivation, classroom management, and assessment strategies. Students analyze how psychological factors influence teaching methods, learning processes, and educational outcomes, gaining insights into how to create effective learning environments and address diverse student needs. The course also considers the impact of culture, family, and community on education, preparing students to apply psychological concepts to real-world classroom challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Developmental Psychology Childhood and Adolescence 9th Edition by David R. Shaffer
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15 Chapters
3224 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies
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192 Verified Questions
192 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In his investigation of identity development in young adolescents, Michael Bamburg (2004) evaluated information obtained from journal entries, oral accounts, individual interviews, and group discussions among boys aged 10, 12, and 15. This is an example of a(n)
A)case study used to describe a group.
B)structured observation.
C)experiment.
D)clinical interview.
Answer: A
Q2) In the first week after hatchout, chicks improve their accuracy of pecking for seeds, regardless of their visual experience. This reflects development from A)learning.
B)maturation.
C)cross-sectioning.
D)digestion.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Hereditary Influences on Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heritability estimations of intelligence
A)are based on mathematically erroneous formulas.
B)are known for apes but are unknown for human children.
C)are fixed, regardless of the age when IQ is assessed.
D)vary over the childhood years.
Answer: D
Q2) Modern evolutionary theorists view the relatively long developmental process of human beings as
A)evidence of human superiority to other animals.
B)proof of the influence of the id in evolutionary development.
C)suggesting the importance of thorough learning in human development.
D)a necessary evolutionary adaptation.
Answer: D
Q3) The heritability coefficient is calculated from A)means for the groups being compared.
B)the variabilities for the groups being compared.
C)correlations within identical twin pairs and within fraternal twin pairs.
D)trait estimates by mothers and fathers.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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220 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A pregnant woman tells her neighbor, "I know about fetal alcohol syndrome, and I've reduced my drinking. I now drink moderately with friends." Her social drinking
A)is recommended because it relieves maternal stress.
B)is harmless to the developing child.
C)can cause symptoms of fetal alcohol effect (FAE), despite her moderation.
D)counteracts the harmful effects of other teratogens.
Answer: C
Q2) The mother's rubella infection has its worst teratogenic effects on the offspring when the infection occurs
A)in combination with alcohol.
B)during the first trimester.
C)during the second trimester.
D)during the third trimester.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how face perception develops over the first year.
Q2) Baby Baa-Baa likes to ride in a car seat with her foot touching a vibrating window crank handle. When something happens that interrupts the vibration, she becomes suddenly alert. Baa-Baa's reaction illustrates
A)how learning can become forgotten.
B)perceptual differentiation.
C)phonological awareness.
D)dishabituation.
Q3) PRIMITIVE REFLEXES are to SURVIVAL REFLEXES as ____ is to ____.
A)LAUGHTER :: CRYING
B)ENGROSSMENT :: DEPRESSION
C)TEMPORARY :: ENDURING
D)FAKING :: SINCERITY
Q4) A slogan of intermodal perception would be,
A)"You stay out of my dreams, and I'll stay out of yours."
B)"Gather information about the object from any source."
C)"Beware, take care, at the edge of the visual cliff!"
D)"Perception extends beyond the range of the senses."
Q5) Identify three key components in the definition of learning.
Q6) Explain how operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Physical Development: the Brain, the Body, Motor
Skills, and Sexual
Development
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206 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The infant's growth rate is accurately described as A)consciously regulated.
B)erratic spurts.
C)steadily continuous.
D)seasonally dependent.
Q2) Suppose that, over the past 100 years, people bought homes at younger ages in successive generations. This pattern resembles a(n)
A)ulnar grasp.
B)vitamin deficiency
C)catch-up growth.
D)secular trend.
Q3) When neurons communicate messages to each other, the communication happens at a tiny junction called the A)synapse.
B)modulator.
C)interconnector.
D)neural crossroads.
Q4) What is the typical developmental outcome for children who experience short-term or mild undernutrition?
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory and
Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint
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Sample Questions
Q1) Judy DeLoache's study of symbolism in preconceptual children used this experimental task:
A)using a scale model to show where a toy is hidden.
B)asking the child to verbally describe what was seen.
C)having the child act out a police officer's role.
D)having the child draw sketches of people in work uniforms.
Q2) Beanpole plays basketball. During the past month, his arm has grown an inch, and he overshoots. His error reflects ____ of the shooting scheme.
A)hypothetico-deductive reasoning
B)deferred imitation
C)assimilation
D)accommodation
Q3) Four-year-old Britney mistakes her neighbor's new pet rabbit for a kitten. Britney's error illustrates the Piagetian process of A)animism.
B)assimilation.
C)accommodation.
D)tertiary circular reaction.
Q4) List three key findings from cross-cultural research on Piaget's theory.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fact that American children must master idiosyncratic number words and this makes it more difficult for them to develop arithmetic skills illustrates how
A)American culture is substandard for teaching science and math.
B)linguistics affects acquisition of arithmetic skill.
C)arithmetic skill affects linguistics.
D)poorly adapted the Chinese numbering system is.
Q2) When counting, the total is the highest number reached. This is known as the ____ principle.
A)cardinality
B)one-on-one
C)abstraction
D)fixed order
Q3) Discuss some of the cultural influences on mathematics performance as delineated in the text. Why is it important to have an understanding of cultural differences in math ability?
Q4) Discuss the development of problem-solving strategies. What is the adaptive strategy choice model? What are the implications of the findings regarding strategy choice for the field of education?
Q5) Outline how metamemory typically changes between the ages of four and 12.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Sternberg's triarchic theory, a person's improved information processing with experience reflects ____ of experiential components.
A)dynamic assessment
B)the gradual decay
C)automation
D)compensatory intervention
Q2) List the seven primary mental abilities identified by Thurstone.
Q3) At the annual company party, Joe Plodder got the Employee of the Year award and said, "I didn't go to college, but I do well because I got my smarts from the School of Hard Knocks." Joe alluded to his high level of
A)formal education
B)Flynn effect intelligence.
C)crystallized intelligence.
D)tacit/practical intelligence.
Q4) When Lewis Terman translated Binet's intelligence scale, he originally calculated IQ using the formula (MA/CA) ´ 100. Based on this formula, what would it mean if a 10-year-old child had an IQ score of (a) 80 points, (b) 100 points, and (c) 120 points?
Q5) What are the goals of compensatory education?
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Chapter 9: Development of Language and Communication Skills
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Sample Questions
Q1) Level of ____ is a strong predictor of the child's reading skill in grade school.
A)holophrastic pidginization
B)overextended underextension
C)interest in a well-balanced diet
D)phonological awareness
Q2) Explain what is meant by overextension and underextension, and provide examples to illustrate each type of linguistic error.
Q3) A five-year-old speaks normally when conversing with parents, but she simplifies her speech when talking to the family's immigrant house worker. This shows that
A)speech should be matched to the listener's comprehension.
B)coos, babbles, and vocables are spoken prior to words.
C)phonology refers to a language's basic sounds.
D)syntactical bootstrapping improves comprehension.
Q4) The traditional prejudice against bilingualism led to the practice of A)suppressing the teaching of foreign languages in schools.
B)discriminating against hiring bilingual teachers.
C)printing government documents in creole.
D)giving preferential hiring to bilingual immigrants.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Between seven and nine months of age, there is a shift in the infant's social responses. In particular, infants
A)begin to show distinct preference for social interactions over nonsocial stimuli.
B)begin to show a positive response to individuals without any special preferences.
C)change from multiple attachments to one or two specific attachments.
D)start to become less anxious around strangers.
Q2) During the "strange situation" assessment, infants who ____ are thought to have an avoidant attachment style.
A)seek the parent's affection and are easily soothed by his or her return
B)display an ambivalent approach to their parent, remaining close but rejecting any contact initiated by the parent,
C)show little distress when separated from the parent and tend to ignore him or her
D)display confusion about whether to approach the parent or to ignore him or her
Q3) Identify four basic emotions that newborns display and five additional basic emotions that emerge by the age of seven months.
Q4) Explain what is meant by attachment being a reciprocal relationship.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Development of the Self-Concept
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children raised in a very collectivist culture will probably be _____ to recognize themselves in the rouge test as children raised in an individualist culture.
A)less likely
B)equally likely
C)more likely
D)happier
Q2) Identify and describe the four identity statuses originally described by James Marcia.
Q3) Archer reported that teenagers have concerns in these areas: occupational choice, gender-role attitudes, religious beliefs, and politics. She found that teenagers
A)develop identities in all areas simultaneously.
B)may be in several identity statuses at the same time across these areas.
C)are seriously concerned only about their social life.
D)progress uniformly in identity status development.
Q4) Discuss the recent controversy about the importance of self-esteem, and summarize some of the related research.
Q5) What did Erikson mean by a "negative identity?"
Q6) Describe each of Selman-s five stages of social perspective taking.
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Chapter 12: Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outline the key aspects of the social-learning approach to gender issues.
Q2) In Kohlberg's theory of gender typing, the child begins to self-socialize about gender after recently having understood about A)gender consistency.
B)gender stability.
C)sexual orientation.
D)basic gender identity.
Q3) Mead's field research on tribal customs in New Guinea suggests that gender roles
A)are canalized traits that occur universally without variation.
B)reflect the unique personalities of family members.
C)are influenced by observations of family friends.
D)vary widely among cultures.
Q4) Gender intensification is a predictable experience of A)the preschool years.
B)the elementary school years.
C)early adolescence.
D)late adolescence.
Q5) Outline the key aspects of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory of gender typing and gender-role development, and discuss criticisms of his theory.
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Chapter 13: Aggression, Altruism, and Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between proactive and reactive aggressors, and discuss the different types of social information processing each type of aggressor displays.
Q2) Outline basic age trends in the relationship between empathy and altruistic responding.
Q3) Regarding morality, SITUATIONAL COMPLIANCE is to COMMITTED COMPLIANCE as ____ is to ____.
A)LAW :: ANARCHY
B)OEDIPUS :: ELECTRA
C)OBEDIENCE :: COOPERATION
D)RELATIONAL AGGRESSION :: RETALIATORY AGGRESSION
Q4) Research investigating aggressive behavior in popular children reveals that they A)are not aggressive.
B)are less aggressive than their less popular age mates.
C)largely use relational forms of aggression to enhance their popularity.
D)largely use overt forms of aggression to enhance their popularity.
Q5) Outline how the nature and frequency of altruistic behavior changes during the preschool and elementary school years.
Q6) Differentiate between sympathetic empathic arousal and self-oriented distress.
Q7) Describe sex differences in the nature of aggressive acts.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Context of Development I: the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on donor insemination suggests that the desire to be a parent is more important than genetic relatedness, which indicates the limits of the _____ side of the continuum.
A)nature
B)nurture
C)quantitative
D)qualitative
Q2) Children who experience a permissive style of parenting in the home tend to be
A)bossy, impulsive, aggressive, and low in achievement.
B)self-reliant, socially responsible, cheerful, and achievement-oriented.
C)unfriendly, moody, easily annoyed, and aimless.
D)aggressive, hostile, selfish, and rebellious.
Q3) When parents scaffold an adolescent's decision-making so as to allow the adolescent the experience of self-determination when making personal decisions, the parents are engaged in
A)promotion of volitional functioning.
B)coparenting.
C)psychological control.
D)behavioral control.
Q4) Name two factors that decrease the likelihood of sibling rivalry.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Context of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The notion that girls and women must be thin to be considered attractive is called
A)the thin ideal.
B)the attraction hypothesis.
C)the desensitization hypothesis.
D)the mean-world belief.
Q2) Which of these cognitive skills is LEAST taught to viewers of Sesame Street?
A)Simple problem-solving
B)Ordering and classifying objects
C)Discriminating numbers and letters
D)Collecting litter from around the neighborhood
Q3) Relative to cliques, adolescent crowds are
A)larger and more loosely organized.
B)more secretive and ritualized.
C)more focused on sexual orientation issues.
D)more prone to discriminate unfairly against minorities.
Q4) List five categories of peer acceptance that have been identified through sociometric data analysis, and describe the typical peer ratings given to children in each of these categories.
Q5) Name the different levels included in Bronfenbrenner's theory.
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