Course Introduction
Psychology of Diversity Solved
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Psychology of Diversity explores the psychological processes underlying human differences and examines how diversity shapes individual and group experiences. The course covers topics such as social identity, prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping, and privilege, drawing on theories and empirical research to assess their impact on behavior and mental health. Students will analyze the roles of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, class, age, and ability in shaping social interactions and societal structures. Emphasis is placed on fostering awareness, empathy, and strategies for promoting inclusion and equity within diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by David Matsumoto
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) _____ are organized system of beliefs that tie together many attitudes,values,beliefs,worldviews,and norms and provide guidelines for living.
A)Religions
B)Ethnicities
C)Norms
D)Ethics
Answer: A
Q2) In the context of psychology,which of the following is true of cross-cultural research?
A)It is topic-specific,and not a method.
B)It concludes that humans are inherently alike and what is true of one culture is always true of another culture.
C)Traditionally,it incorporated knowledge contrasting human cultures versus nonhuman animal cultures.
D)It involves participants of differing cultural backgrounds and allows for comparisons of findings across those cultures.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) According to Triandis and his colleagues (1995),individuals are autonomous and equal in _____,whereas individuals are autonomous but unequal in _____.
A)horizontal individualism;vertical collectivism
B)vertical individualism;horizontal collectivism
C)horizontal collectivism;vertical individualism
D)horizontal individualism;vertical individualism
Answer: D
Q2) Culture can bias the ways researchers interpret their findings.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) One of the most important lessons to learn about cross-cultural research methods is that linguistic equivalence alone does not guarantee measurement equivalence.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) Parental cultural belief systems are also known as:
A)parental ethnotheories.
B)parental psychoanalysis.
C)developmental parental constructs.
D)dominative parental constructs.
Answer: A
Q2) In the context of sleeping arrangements,which of the following is true of co-sleeping?
A)Sleep experts universally consider co-sleeping an unhealthy dependence on parents.
B)Most Americans co-sleep with their babies to make them feel more secure.
C)In Chinese culture,it is common for children to co-sleep in the same room as their parents.
D)In Japanese culture,co-sleeping with babies is completely shunned.
Answer: C
Q3) According to Kagitcibasi (1996b),traditional parents in Turkey believe that their children "grow up" rather than are "brought up."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) Piaget hypothesized that two primary mechanisms are responsible for movement from one stage of his cognitive development theory to the next.These two mechanisms are:
A) inspiration and motivation.
B) success and growth.
C) obligation and passion.
D) assimilation and accommodation.
Q2) According to Turiel and his colleagues,which of the following is true of moral rules?
A) They are based on the preferences of a specific person.
B) They are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.
C) They are changeable and apply to certain groups.
D) They are based on values,such as the safety of all humans.
Q3) _____ is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth.
A)Aberration
B)Indisposition
C)Temperament
D)Centration
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Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) Markus and Kitayama (1991b)explained that individuals with an interdependent construal of self:
A)strive to meet or even create duties,obligations,and social responsibilities.
B)focus on personal,internal attributes.
C)view the self as a bounded entity,clearly separated from relevant others.
D)verify and confirm their personality traits in private through social comparison.
Q2) Which of the following is the outcome of the study conducted by Tafarodi and Swann (1996)that tested the "cultural trade-off" hypothesis?
A)Chinese were lower in ratings of self-competence.
B)Americans were lower in ratings of self-competence.
C)Chinese were lower in self-liking.
D)Americans were higher in self-liking.
Q3) According to a meta-analysis conducted by Oyserman and colleagues (2002),European Americans were _____ than Japanese or Koreans.
A)not less collectivistic
B)less individualistic
C)more individualistic
D)less collectivistic
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Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of the social dominance theory?
A)It states that behavior related to personality occurs at several levels based ultimately on the motivating aspects of evolved personality systems.
B)It views personality structure as a universal psychological mechanism,a product of natural selection that serves both social and nonsocial functions in problem solving and environmental adaptation.
C)It states that people from all cultures share basic psychological needs for autonomy,competence,and relatedness,but that the specific ways in which these needs are met and expressed differ according to context and culture.
D)It concerns the maintenance and stability of social hierarchies,and suggests that cultural ideologies,values,attitudes,and worldviews provide the justification for intergroup behaviors such as discrimination and prejudice.
Q2) Markus & Kitayama (1998)and Shweder & Bourne (1984)argue that the research supporting universality of personality and its possible biological substrates may be contaminated by the methods used.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) The 191 members of the _____ have committed to creating sustainable human development and to recognizing equal rights and opportunities for men and women that are critical for social and economic progress.
A) World Economic Forum
B) World Trade Organization
C) United Nations
D) League of Nations
Q2) In the context of cultural differences in attitudes and values about sex,a 37-country study by Buss (1989)reported that people from many non-Western countries:
A) valued chastity very highly in a potential mate.
B) attached little importance to prior sexual experience of a potential mate.
C) accepted homosexuality.
D) expressed sexuality in public.
Q3) Gender roles are different for males and females in all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A common gender stereotype is that females are more aggressive than males.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) Problem solving refers to the process by which we attempt to discover ways of achieving goals that do not seem readily attainable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following best defines sensation?
A)It refers to the focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli.
B)It refers to the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors such as touch,taste,smell,sight,and hearing.
C)It refers to the ability to understand the meaning or importance of something.
D)It refers to the ability of brain to categorize various sensory perceptions that result from chemical stimulation.
Q3) Which theory suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance?
A)Dimensional space theory
B)Front extension theory
C)Vertical extension theory
D)Front-horizontal foreshortening theory
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Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) The term _____ refers to the co-occurrence of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions.
A)emotional complexity
B)emotion response system coherence
C)bi-polar emotionality
D)emotion antecedent
Q2) Which of the following is true of research conducted on cultural calibration of how emotional expressions are perceived by individuals?
A)There are insignificant cultural differences in absolute recognition of facial expressions.
B)Individualistic cultures are better at recognizing negative emotions than are collectivistic cultures.
C)Collectivism is associated with higher recognition rates for some facial expressions.
D)Collectivism is associated with greater intensity ratings for some facial expressions.
Q3) All cultures have a word for emotion.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) Phonology refers to the:
A)study of a particular culture.
B)study of the origin of words.
C)system of rules governing how words should sound in a given language.
D)system of rules governing how words should be spelled.
Q2) Which of the following is a difference between illustrative and emblematic gestures?
A)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures can highlight speech and exhibit specific forms of honoforic speech.
B)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures are used in both high-context and low-context cultures.
C)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures can stand on their own without speech and convey verbal meaning.
D)Unlike illustrative gestures,emblematic gestures exhibit shades of ethnocentrism.
Q3) A high degree of mindfulness reduces uncertainty and anxiety,resulting in effective communication.
A)True
B)False
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12
Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) Differences across cultures in _____ play a role in contributing to the striking differences in rates of overweight and obesity.
A)ethnicities
B)lifestyles
C)gender roles
D)religious practices
Q2) Compared to other industrialized countries,infant mortality rates in the United States are among the highest.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Despite globalization and continued migration,our views on health and how best to promote good health have not changed since prehistoric times.
A)True
B)False
Q4) There seems to be a positive correlation between the wealth of a country and the average life expectancy.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) _____ is the most widely observed cultural symptoms of distress and has been identified in several countries in Asia (Malaysia,Philippines,and Thailand).
A)Susto
B)Baksbat
C)Zar
D)Amok
Q2) In the context of studies of patients with schizophrenia,which of the following is an accurate statement of the expressed emotion construct?
A)It conveys the same inherent meaning across different cultures.
B)It suggests that family and social interactions have no influence over the course of schizophrenia.
C)It refers to family communication characterized by hostility,criticism,and emotional overinvolvement.
D)It decreases the risk of relapse significantly for patients with schizophrenia.
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Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) A cross-national comparison showed that those in the lower income countries are,in general,more likely to seek treatment compared to those in higher-income countries.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____ are an important aspect of psychological and physical healing for some Latino communities,and it may be the case that only when such measures fail to help are mental health professionals acknowledged.
A)Quinceañeras
B)Chiropractic manipulations
C)Prayers
D)Homeopathic cures
Q3) In China,Taoist and Confucian principles are embedded in psychotherapy techniques.One study found that _____ was more effective in the long term in reducing anxiety disorders than treating the patient with medications.
A)Chinese Taoist cognitive psychotherapy
B)Chinese Taoist and Confucian therapy
C)Chinese traditional psychotherapy
D)Confucian cognitive therapy
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Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) Stereotypes about one's own group are called _____,whereas stereotypes about other groups are called _____.
A)autostereotypes;heterostereotypes
B)heterostereotypes;autostereotypes
C)sociotypes;autostereotypes
D)heterostereotypes;sociotypes
Q2) _____ is a form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands,usually from someone in a position of authority.
A)Compromise
B)Obedience
C)Conformity
D)Accommodation
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of the Asch experiments on conformity reviewing participants' response to a simple judgment task?
A)Compliance resulted from subtle,implied pressure.
B)Compliance resulted from requests and commands.
C)Group uniformity was not a factor for compliance.
D)Group size was not a factor for compliance.
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Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Q1) According to Hofstede,cultures low on _____ are less concerned with rules and rituals to deal with the stress and anxiety of unsureness.
A) individualism-collectivism
B) masculinity-femininity
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) performance orientation
Q2) _____ refers to unwelcome sexual advances,requests for sexual favors,or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature in which submission to such behavior is a condition to employment and employment decisions affecting the individual,and where the behavior interferes with the individual's work environment or creates an intimidating,offensive,or hostile work environment.
A) Psychological contract
B) Sexual harassment
C) Sexual addiction
D) Culture shock
Q3) In the study of consumer behavior,the role of emotion in consumer decision making has gained importance in recent years.
A)True
B)False
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Page 17