Psychology of Childhood Textbook
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Course Introduction
The Psychology of Childhood course explores the cognitive, emotional, and social development of children from birth through adolescence. Students examine key theories, research methods, and milestones in childhood development, focusing on how genetics, environment, family dynamics, and cultural factors influence growth. Topics include language acquisition, attachment, identity formation, and the impact of parenting styles and education. The course also addresses atypical development and the psychological challenges faced by children, providing foundational knowledge for understanding and supporting healthy childhood development.
Recommended Textbook
Children 12th Edition by John Santrock
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) "Sit down,shut up,and respect your brother!" Mom shouted to Timmy."Learn to talk,instead of fighting!" According to Bandura,Timmy is likely to:
A)sit down,shut up,and learn to respect his brother.
B)learn to yell in order to solve his problems.
C)learn to talk for resolving the conflicts he faces.
D)sit down and shut up,but never respect his brother.
Answer: B
Q2) In the following scenario,consider the early and later experience of Ginny.Which will influence her more as she moves into early adulthood,and why? What variables in her life are key factors?
Answer: Students' answers may vary.
In addition to considering her first years of life and their importance,the answer should evaluate the role of the extended family,the day care,and the quality of the school as to Ginny's later childhood experiences.It is likely that both early experiences and later experiences will be important in Ginny's development.If her teachers show extra care toward Ginny,that might be able to make up for the lack of care and support at her Aunt's home.
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Which of the following genetic disorders is characterized by the inability of individuals to properly metabolize a particular amino acid?
A)Phenylketonuria
B)Sickle-cell anemia
C)Turner syndrome
D)Fragile X syndrome
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of Darwin's views on evolution?
A)Most organisms reproduce at rates that cause an insignificant increase in their population.
B)The constant struggle for food,water,and resources among members of a species encourages supportive behaviors among them.
C)Behavior that promotes an organism's survival in the natural habitat differentiates between survivors and nonsurvivors.
D)Adaptive behaviors are purely psychological.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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Q1) The doctor has told Sheryl and Jason that their unborn baby is having problems because of significant changes in the temperature around the fetus.The most likely explanation for this problem is that the _____ has failed to perform its protective function.
A)uterus
B)amniotic fluid
C)placenta
D)trophoblast
Answer: B
Q2) During the second or third trimester of pregnancy,prenatal classes focus on:
A)preparing for the birth.
B)development of the embryo and fetus.
C)sexuality during pregnancy.
D)nutrition,rest,and exercise.
Answer: A
Q3) What are the risks a older father's advanced age poses to his unborn child?
Answer: An unborn child of an older father faces increased risk for Down syndrome and also other birth defects like dwarfism and Marfan syndrome,which involves head and limb deformities.
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Chapter 4: Birth
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Q1) Your friend Natalie has just found out that she is pregnant.She is not sure whether she should go for a certified-nurse mediated delivery or a physician mediated delivery.What will be your advice?
Q2) Your friend Ruth is going to have her first child in seven months.She is determined to go through the childbirth process without using any drugs and does not even want to read up on the various childbirth medications that are available.What is your opinion regarding this issue?
Q3) Natural childbirth aims to reduce the mother's pain by:
A)reducing her fears and increasing her ability to relax.
B)encouraging women to opt for cesarean deliveries.
C)easing the birth process with the use of anesthetics.
D)increasing the duration of labor and childbirth process.
Q4) How does kangaroo care benefit preterm infants?
Q5) Your friend Natalie works with a not-for-profit that helps low-income women.She is contemplating whether their organization should go ahead with a program that will provide doula support to low-income pregnant women.What will be your advice?
Q6) Describe a measure of neonatal health and responsiveness that is used to assess "at-risk" infants.
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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) Describe infant's motor development according to the dynamic systems theory.
Q2) What factors influence hearing in infants?
Q3) The immunization for polio is given till the age of:
A)15 months.
B)4 to 6 years.
C)8 to 1o years.
D)11 to 14 years.
Q4) In a new born baby,the size of the head is approximately _____ the proportion of the total body length.
A)half
B)one-third
C)one-fourth
D)three-forth
Q5) The process of encasing axons with fat cells,which is involved in providing energy to neurons and speeding up neural transmissions,is known as _____.
A)lateralization
B)neurotransmission
C)myelination
D)metacognition
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory.
Q2) _____ is rephrasing something the child has said by turning it into a question or restating the child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence.
A)Recasting
B)Relearning
C)Labeling
D)Overextending
Q3) Which of the following situations testifies that the infant has developed a sense of object permanence?
A)If the infant assumes that an object that is out of sight does not exist
B)If the infant shows no reaction when an interesting object is taken away
C)If the infant searches for an interesting object when it disappears
D)If the infant tries to grab an interesting object with his whole hand
Q4) Describe attention in the first year of the infant's life.
Q5) What is infantile amnesia? Explain any one causal factor of infantile amnesia.
Q6) Long before infants speak recognizable words,they produce a number of vocalizations.What are the functions of these vocalizations?
Q7) Explain the role of Broca's area and Wernicke's area with regard to language.
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Chapter 7: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) What are some criticisms of the attachment theory?
Q2) A _____ cry is a sudden long,initial loud cry followed by breath holding.
A)anger
B)pain
C)colicky
D)basic
Q3) Physiological characteristics have been linked with different temperaments. In particular a(n)_____ temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes high and stable heart rate,high level of the hormone cortisol,and high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain.
A)inhibited
B)extraverted
C)negative
D)uninhibited
Q4) Which of the following hormones is released during breast feeding and by contact and warmth?
A)Cortisol
B)Oxytocin
C)Estradiol
D)Seretonin
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Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) What effect does increased myelination have on the child's abilities?
Q2) _____ are characterized by a sudden arousal from sleep and an intense fear,usually accompanied by a number of physiological reactions,such as rapid heart rate and breathing,loud screams,heavy perspiration,and physical movement.
A)Lucid dreams
B)Night terrors
C)REM sleep periods
D)Delusions
Q3) Which of the following is true with regard to the Denver Development Screening Test II?
A)The test requires sophisticated imaging technologies making it an expensive assessment tool.
B)It can be used for children in the age range of 3 to 9 years.
C)The test is an individually administered test of developmental functioning.
D)The test evaluates fine and gross motor skills and excludes language and adaptive functioning.
Q4) List some differences between night terrors and nightmares.
Q5) Describe three characteristics that enhance children's safety at the community level?
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) What are some strategies for using books effectively with preschool children?
Q2) In a child-centered kindergarten,instruction is organized around the child's:
A)cultural background.
B)level of metacognition understanding.
C)learning style.
D)economical background.
Q3) Latoya talks to herself frequently,especially when trying to solve a difficult problem.Lev Vygotsky would say that Latoya is:
A)engaging in egocentric and immature thinking.
B)functioning at the upper limit of her zone of proximal development (ZPD).
C)using the institutional level of thinking to learn about her environment.
D)using private speech in order to plan,guide,and monitor her own behavior.
Q4) Jason,who is four years old,spends a lot of time talking to himself while he is processing information.According to Lev Vygotsky:
A)Jason should be encouraged not to talk to himself.
B)Jason will likely be more socially competent than if he did not use private speech.
C)Jason' private speech is an indication of his mental retardation.
D)Jason's private speech is an indication of his egocentrism and immaturity.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Deanna and her friends were discussing their parents after school.Deanna's parents are indulgent.Which of the following statements would most likely have been made by her?
A)"My parents are really liberal.They are always there to support me,we go out together pretty often,and they never really try to control what I do."
B)"With my parents,it's always their way or no way.They won't even discuss increasing my allowance a little."
C)"Last week when I didn't get my homework done,my parents had a lengthy discussion with me about how I can handle my schoolwork better the next time."
D)"My parents are always busy.They think everything else in their life is more important than me."
Q2) Explain how families can influence young children's development.
Q3) A child who operates from the autonomous level of moral reasoning:
A)believes that justice and rules are unchangeable properties of the world.
B)believes that justice is unaffected by chance or personal control.
C)believes in immanent justice.
D)believes that intentions behind an action are as important as its consequences.
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following should be encouraged in children who participate in sports?
A)Yelling at the child
B)Pointing out the child's errors in front of others
C)Allowing children to make mistakes
D)Comparing the child to more talented children
Q2) Which of the following best illustrates the concept of inclusion?
A)Alex,who is educationally blind,attends a special school for the blind that instructs through Braille techniques.
B)John,who has auditory impairment,is being home-schooled.
C)Melba,who is affected with severe behavioral disorder,is committed to a special counselling program.
D)Jane,who suffers from low vision,uses books with large fonts for learning,but attends a regular school along with children without any special needs.
Q3) What are the most common academic areas in which children with a learning disability have problems?
Q4) What treatment is recommended by experts to children who are overweight?
Q5) Distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Q6) Give three examples of motor skills in a six-year-old child.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Critique Piaget's concrete operational stage.
Q2) Describe the Wechsler scales.
Q3) When teaching reading,the whole-language approach stresses that:
A)reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
B)phonetics is the most important component in learning to read a language.
C)children should be able to write a language before they are able to read it.
D)learning a foreign language helps students learn their own language.
Q4) The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame has been called the:
A)Sternberg effect.
B)Gardner effect.
C)Brody effect.
D)Flynn effect.
Q5) According to Sternberg's triarchic theory,what are the three types of intelligence?
Q6) Describe the whole-language and phonics approaches to teaching reading.
Q7) Compare and contrast critical thinking and creative thinking.
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Q8) What are the eight frames of mind discussed by Howard Gardner?
Q9) What is metamemory? How does it change with age?
Q10) Compare and contrast short-term memory and long-term memory.
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Chapter 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Describe the jigsaw classroom strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students.
Q2) What is a moral personality? Describe the components of a moral personality.
Q3) Distinguish between the constructive and direct instruction approaches to student learning.
Q4) Six-year-old Phyllis decided to obey her older sister Maggie so that she would be allowed to go with Maggie to watch a movie.Phyllis is operating from Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral reasoning.
A)heteronomous morality
B)individualism,instrumental purpose,and exchange
C)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity
D)social systems morality
Q5) How do girls and boys differ with regard to socioemotional development in middle and late childhood?
Q6) _____ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
A)Postconventional
B)Conventional
C)Immanent
D)Heteronomous
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Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following pubertal changes in boys would typically occur first?
A)First ejaculation
B)Height spurt
C)Growth of pubic hair
D)Increase in penis and testicle size
Q2) Briefly describe sexually transmitted infections.
Q3) Describe AIDS and its treatment options.
Q4) Which of the following sexually transmitted infections can be treated with Penicillin?
A)Genital herpes
B)AIDS
C)Syphilis
D)Genital warts
Q5) Discuss the benefits and problems associated with early and late maturation for girls.
Q6) Who proposed the "storm and stress" view of adolescence?
A)Charles Darwin
B)Jacqueline Lerner
C)G.Stanley Hall
D)B.F.Skinner
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) What is character education?
Q2) Lawrence Kohlberg's theory has been the basis for a number of _____ programs.
A)cognitive moral education
B)values clarification
C)service learning
D)character education
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about adolescent decision making?
A)Adolescence is a time of decreased decision making.
B)Adolescents make better decisions when they are emotionally aroused rather than when they are calm.
C)Young adolescents are less likely to generate different options,compared with children.
D)Adolescents need more opportunities to practice and discuss realistic decision making.
Q4) Deanna Kuhn argues that the most important cognitive change in adolescence is:
A)problem solving through trial-and-error.
B)increased concrete thinking.
C)reduced egocentrism.
D)improvement in executive functioning.
Q5) What are the changing values that are seen amongst adolescents today?
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) In most cultures,the rite of passage is designed to:
A)provide adolescents an entry into their profession of choice.
B)test whether adolescents have completed the stage of puberty.
C)test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
D)mark the adolescent's transition to maturity and achievement of adult status.
Q2) The closest thing to a universal rite of passage in the United States is the:
A)first date.
B)college initiation ritual.
C)high school graduation ceremony.
D)eighteenth birthday.
Q3) Jason was confused about whether to get married or not.He finally decided to propose.After his fiancée accepted,he felt great and knew he had done the right thing.As the wedding date approached,however,he became doubtful.He considered calling off the wedding,but did not.Today he is happily married and glad he stayed with his decision.Jason's experience is an example of the _____ cycle in identity development.
A)social referencing
B)YOYO
C)MAMA
D)cognitive dissonance
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