Psychology of Brain and Behavior Exam Review
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between brain function and human behavior, delving into how neural processes influence thoughts, feelings, and actions. Students will examine the biological foundations of behavior, including brain structures, neurotransmitters, and neural pathways, and consider how these relate to psychological phenomena such as perception, memory, emotion, and decision-making. Content will cover topics such as neuroplasticity, brain development, mental health, and the effects of brain injuries and disorders. Through a variety of case studies and current research, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how the mind and brain interact to shape everyday behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Biopsychology 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel
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18 Chapters
2676 Verified Questions
2676 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Biopsychology as a Neuroscience:
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89 Verified Questions
89 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The division of biopsychology that makes the greatest use of functional brain imaging is __________.
Answer: cognitive neuroscience
Q2) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of humans as subjects in biopsychological research.
Answer: 50% for the advantages: they have human brains; they are often less expensive; they can communicate verbally
50% for the disadvantages: their brains and behavior are particularly complex; there are strict ethical constraints; research that focuses totally on humans lacks a comparative perspective
Q3) In some studies, subjects are not assigned to particular conditions; instead subjects are selected because they are already living under these conditions (e.g., alcohol consumers and alcohol nonconsumers). Such studies are
A) quasiexperiments.
B) case studies.
C) true experiments.
D) randomized experiments.
E) unethical.
Answer: A
3
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Chapter 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking About the Biology of Behavior
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the model of the biology of behavior that has been adopted by most biopsychologists. Use a diagram in your answer.
Answer: 50% for a verbal explanation of the model 50% for a diagram of the model
Q2) Canaries can sing with either their left or right hemispheres, but A) they cannot sing the same song with both at the same time.
B) most have a strong left-hemisphere preference.
C) they cannot sing with their left hemisphere and their syrinx at the same time. D) most have a strong right-hemisphere preference.
E) they cannot sing with their syrinx.
Answer: B
Q3) The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called A) dominants. B) phenotypes. C) genotypes.
D) gametes. E) alleles.
Answer: E
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Anatomy of the Nervous System
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brain and spinal cord compose the __________ system.
Answer: central nervous
Q2) What part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?
A) dendrites
B) axon
C) cell body
D) buttons
E) both A and B
Answer: B
Q3) The almond-shaped nucleus of the anterior temporal lobe is the __________. Answer: amygdala
Q4) To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigator would employ
A) a retrograde tracing technique.
B) an anterograde tracing technique.
C) labeled chemicals that are readily transported back to the neuron's nucleus.
D) a Golgi stain.
E) a Nissl stain.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that A) are less diffuse.
B) develop more rapidly.
C) are more enduring.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
Q2) Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by
A) binding to presynaptic receptors.
B) binding to postsynaptic receptors.
C) entering postsynaptic neurons.
D) binding directly to calcium ions.
E) attaching to vesicles.
Q3) Which of the following is not a monoamine?
A) acetylcholine
B) dopamine
C) epinephrine
D) serotonin
E) norepinephrine
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Page 6
Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a
A) test of memory.
B) test of speech.
C) test of motor function.
D) test of emotion.
E) battery of tests.
Q2) The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is
A) autoradiography.
B) cryogenesis.
C) perfusion.
D) stereotaxic surgery.
E) aspiration.
Q3) Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior?
A) copulating
B) nest building
C) grooming
D) swimming
E) all of the above
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Chapter 6: The Visual System
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain color constancy. What important points does it make about the mechanisms of color vision? Describe a theory of color vision that can explain color constancy, focusing on the evidence that led to the theory.
Q2) Unlike most other vertebrates, primates have
A) eyes that do not converge.
B) two eyes.
C) color vision.
D) two eyes side by side on the front of the head.
E) eyes that move.
Q3) The opponent theory appears to provide the best explanation of color coding at the A) bipolar level.
B) retinal ganglion cell level.
C) cortical level.
D) all of the above
E) receptor level.
Q4) The existence of complementary color after images supports the opponent-process theory of __________ vision.
Q5) Dual-opponent color cells are rich in __________.
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Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Perception
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A system in which information is conducted in a single route through its various components - like a string through beads - is called a
A) parallel system.
B) functional system.
C) hierarchical system.
D) serial system.
E) none of the above
Q2) Much of SII is
A) adjacent to SI.
B) in the lateral fissure.
C) in the parietal cortex.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q3) The frequency of sound waves is to the complexity of sound waves as the A) pitch of sound is to the timbre.
B) amplitude of sound is to the loudness.
C) pitch of sound is to the amplitude.
D) timbre of sound is to the loudness.
E) loudness of sound is to the timbre.
Q4) The __________ cortex is considered to be the primary olfactory cortex
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Chapter 8: The Sensorimotor System
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cell bodies of Betz cells are found in the A) premotor cortex.
B) primary motor cortex.
C) supplementary motor cortex.
D) cerebellum.
E) basal ganglia.
Q2) Large lesions to the right parietal lobe sometimes produce A) ipsilateral astereognosia.
B) contralateral neglect.
C) apraxia.
D) all of the above
E) both A and C
Q3) Most axons of the dorsolateral corticorubrospinal tract synapse on A) muscles of the fingers and thumb.
B) muscles of the hands and wrists.
C) interneurons of the spinal gray matter that in turn synapse on motor neurons that project to the distal muscles of the arms and legs.
D) motor neurons that project to the fingers.
E) Betz cells.
Q4) Muscle contraction in the absence of movement is called __________ contraction.
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Chapter 9: Development of the Nervous System
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125 Verified Questions
125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neural crest develops into the A) ventricular system.
B) cortex.
C) peripheral nervous system.
D) circulatory system of the brain.
E) neural tube.
Q2) In one study, a few days of early monocular deprivation decreased the axonal __________ of lateral geniculate nucleus neurons that normally conducted signals from the deprived eye.
A) branching
B) regeneration
C) width
D) layers
E) degeneration
Q3) The development of the human brain is unique in that
A) there is no early cell death.
B) there is no early reorganization.
C) it develops so slowly.
D) it develops so quickly.
E) the PNS develops before the CNS.
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Chapter 10: Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity
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181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Axonal degeneration in one neuron stimulates collateral __________ from adjacent neurons.
Q2) MPTP-treated primates have reduced levels of A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) serotonin.
D) GABA.
E) MPTP.
Q3) What percentage of amputees experience chronic, severe phantom-limb pain?
A) about 0.5%
B) about 1.0%
C) about 1.5%
D) about 50%
E) about 95%
Q4) Describe the kindling model. What aspects of epilepsy does it model?
Q5) The MPTP animal model is a model of __________ disease.
Q6) Huntington's disease is caused by a single __________ gene.
Q7) Parkinson's disease is associated with degeneration in the neural pathway from the __________ to the striatum.
Q8) __________ is the brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter.
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Chapter 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem was his A) anterograde amnesia.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) deficit in short-term memory.
D) loss of remote memory.
E) drop in IQ.
Q2) H.M. showed no long-term retention on the A) digit-span +1 test.
B) mirror-drawing test.
C) rotary-pursuit test.
D) incomplete pictures test.
E) Pavlovian conditioning test.
Q3) According to the text, the scientific evidence has not proven the effectiveness of A) NMDA.
B) nitric oxide.
C) nootropics.
D) dendritic spines.
E) LTP.
Q4) H.M.'s main problem is that he cannot form new __________ long-term memories.
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Chapter 12: Hunger, Eating, and Health
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145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Woods, in the short-term, meals are
A) controlled by set points.
B) homeostasis-disturbing.
C) homeostasis-promoting.
D) likely to be eaten during the cephalic phase.
E) likely to be initiated during the fasting phase.
Q2) Many people assume that hunger is normally triggered when energy resources fall A) below a prescribed optimal homeostatic level called a set point.
B) to the glucose level.
C) to a fat set point.
D) to the settling point.
E) to the optimal levels of hypothalamic activity.
Q3) The pancreatic hormone that is released during the fasting phase of metabolism is
Q4) Large, bilateral lesions of the __________ hypothalamus produce hyperphagia and obesity.
Q5) In nature, __________ tastes are often associated with toxins.
Q6) Describe two explanations for why we get hungry at our regular meal times. Discuss relevant evidence. Which of the two explanations does the evidence support?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Hormones and Sex
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158 Verified Questions
158 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Steroid hormones
A) are synthesized from cholesterol.
B) play a major role in sexual development.
C) penetrate cell membranes.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q2) Ear wiggling is a __________ (solicitation) behavior in female rats.
Q3) Describe the symptoms and mechanism of the androgenic insensitivity syndrome. Explain the hormonal mechanism underlying the development of these symptoms.
Q4) According to the text, the "mamawawa"
A) is the men-are-men-and-women-are-women assumption.
B) is seductive.
C) seems so right, but is fundamentally wrong.
D) is the tendency to think that "femaleness" and "maleness" are discrete, mutually exclusive, complementary categories.
E) all of the above
Q5) Explain how the neuroendocrine system regulates the release of hormones from the gonads. Illustrate with a diagram of the regulatory model.
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Chapter 14: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The advantage of the carousel apparatus is that the __________ control procedure is an integral part of it.
Q2) REMs are associated with
A) initial stage 1 EEG.
B) increased EMG activity in the core muscles.
C) stage 4 EEG.
D) emergent stage 1 EEG.
E) the first-night phenomenon.
Q3) Many cases of insomnia are caused by drugs prescribed to treat them. Disorders caused by medical treatment are termed __________.
Q4) In various surveys, approximately __________ of the respondents report sleep-related problems.
A) 1%
B) 2%
C) 5%
D) 9%
E) 30%
Q5) The __________ theory of REM sleep suggests that REM sleep and wakefulness serve similar functions.
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Chapter 15: Drug Addiction and the Brains Reward Circuits
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern.
A) brain damage
B) permanent memory loss
C) violent crime
D) schizophrenia
E) bradycardia
Q2) Depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, constipation, difficulties in sleeping, and difficulties in concentrating are common __________ withdrawal symptoms.
A) heroin
B) morphine
C) alcohol
D) cocaine
E) nicotine
Q3) Recent research suggests that in addicts dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens may be related more to the __________ of a drug than the liking of the drug.
Q4) The best animal model of human drug addiction is the drug __________ paradigm.
Q5) Delirium tremens is a symptom of __________ withdrawal.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the following three theories of cerebral asymmetry: the analytic-synthetic theory, the motor theory, and the linguistic theory. Describe relevant evidence, and reach a conclusion.
Q2) In the ground-breaking experiment of Myers and Sperry on the learning of a visual discrimination by split-brain cats, when the eye patch was shifted to the other eye, the performance of all cats
A) in the experiment fell to 50% correct.
B) with transected corpus callosums fell to 50% correct.
C) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to 50% correct.
D) with transected optic chiasms fell to 50% correct.
E) with both their optic chiasms and their corpus callosums transected fell to zero correct.
Q3) Split-brain patients are those who
A) have been commissurotomized.
B) have split personalities.
C) are schizophrenic.
D) have two cerebral commissures.
E) have only one hemisphere.
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health
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154 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ disease is associated with the bilateral calcification of the amygdalas and surrounding areas of the anterior medial lobes.
Q2) Because it is difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the A) guilty-knowledge technique.
B) control-question technique.
C) mock-crime procedure.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B
Q3) According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are A) causally related.
B) parallel processes.
C) dependent processes.
D) serial processes.
E) adaptive processes.
Q4) Charles Whitman, the Texas tower sniper, had a tumor in his __________.
Q5) Unlike false smiles, Duchenne smiles always involve the __________ muscles.
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Chapter 18: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders
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138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An effective atypical antischizophrenic drug is
A) clozapine.
B) buspirone.
C) reserpine.
D) chlorpromazine.
E) iproniazid.
Q2) The neuroplasticity theory of depression is that depression is caused by
A) an increase in neuroplastic processes in the prefrontal cortex.
B) a decrease in neuroplastic processes in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala.
C) abnormal neuroplastic processes in the hypothalamus.
D) abnormal neuroplastic processes throughout the limbic system.
E) both C and D
Q3) Chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat is known as A) psychological fear.
B) anxiety.
C) panic.
D) a phobia.
E) the Selye syndrome.
Q4) Depression for which there is no apparent cause is called __________ depression.
Page 20
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