Psychology of Attitudes Test Questions
Course Introduction
The Psychology of Attitudes explores how attitudes are formed, maintained, and changed, as well as their influence on human behavior and decision-making. The course examines the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of attitudes, as well as theories addressing attitude structure and function. Students analyze the role of persuasion, social influence, and messaging in shaping attitudes, and consider how biases and stereotypes develop. Through empirical research and case studies, the course highlights the impact of attitudes in various domains, including health, politics, and intergroup relations, preparing students to critically evaluate and apply attitude research in real-world contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 5th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Q1) Many people believe that the atrocities committed by the Nazis during World War II or by American soldiers at Abu Ghraib prison were the work of bad seeds.Others believe that almost anyone is vulnerable to these kinds of antisocial behaviors,given the right situational circumstances.Take a stance one way or the other and present two pieces of social psychological research that support your perspective.
Answer: According to the chapter,anyone is vulnerable to these kinds of antisocial behaviors,given the right situational circumstances.Several pieces of evidence in support of this position are acceptable.For example,the Milgram experiment showed that the majority of participants would deliver potentially fatal shocks to a fellow participant if an authority figure urged them to do so.In Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment,participants who were randomly assigned to the role of "guard" engaged in verbal abuse and inflicted physical humiliation.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of schemas?
A) They are exactly the same across many different kinds of situations.
B) They guide our expectations in only a few situations.
C) They do not influence our judgments.
D) They are elaborate collections of systematized knowledge.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Q1) What are the benefits of conducting a debriefing after the conclusion of a study,for both the investigator and the participant?
Answer: Debriefing participants involves explaining the purpose of the experiment and the knowledge gained.Several answers regarding the benefits of debriefing are acceptable,including the following: Debriefing is useful for the investigator,particularly during pilot studies,for determining whether the instructions and setup of the study were clear and reasonable.Debriefing is also an opportunity to educate participants regarding the questions studied,the research processes more generally,and how the research may contribute to society.
Q2) The function of an institutional review board (IRB)is to review
A) university research spending.
B) grant proposals, to ensure that they are financially feasible.
C) research proposals and judge the ethical appropriateness of the research.
D) the reliability of research findings at the institution.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Q1) According to Festinger's (1954)social comparison theory,people often form judgments about their traits and abilities by comparing themselves with others.According to the theory,this process is most likely to occur when A) the people around them are judgmental and unkind.
B) people have a clear and detailed self-concept.
C) the people around them have superior traits and abilities.
D) people have no objective standard by which to judge themselves.
Answer: D
Q2) Research shows that state self-esteem can be influenced by A) odors.
B) complex weather patterns.
C) ambient light levels.
D) momentary mood states.
Answer: D
Q3) The general process by which we control others' beliefs about us is called A) self-handicapping.
B) impression management.
C) self-monitoring.
D) private self-consciousness.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called
A) information nodes.
B) schemas.
C) primes.
D) flashbulb memories.
Q2) The phenomenon of ________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm.Unfortunately,their reluctance reinforces a false norm.
A) group apprehension
B) normative consensus
C) pluralistic ignorance
D) the nonrepresentativeness heuristic
Q3) Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ________ terms,and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ________ terms.
A) abstract; concrete
B) concrete; abstract
C) negative; positive
D) positive; negative
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Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Q1) ________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.
A) Explanatory
B) Attribution
C) Representative
D) Situational
Q2) When it comes to causal attributions,what is true of the distinction between people from interdependent and independent cultures?
A) People from independent cultures are more likely to recognize the strength of the situation when making an attribution.
B) People from interdependent cultures are more likely to use consensus information when making an attribution.
C) People from independent cultures are more likely to use distinctiveness information when making an attribution.
D) People from interdependent cultures are more likely to make a dispositional inference when making an attribution.
Q3) Compare and contrast the discounting and augmentation principles.
Q4) What are the advantages of having an optimistic explanatory style?
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Chapter 6: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are interested in pledging a fraternity.The first time you come by the frat house,you meet Vince as you walk in the door.Vince says hello and then angrily yells at his frat brother down the hall.What are you likely to infer about Vince based on this interaction?
A) Vince is a political science major.
B) Vince has a high status role within the fraternity.
C) Vince is unlikely to get what he wants.
D) Vince is a beloved member of the fraternity.
Q2) Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to
A) overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
B) underestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.
C) be accurate at predicting the emotional impact of negative life events.
D) be overly optimistic about their abilities to cope with negative life events.
Q3) Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?
A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) serotonin
Q4) Describe two effects of emotion on perception that have been documented through research.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Q1) The ________ component of an attitude consists of the degree to which the person likes or dislikes the attitude object.
A) cognitive
B) affective
C) behavioral
D) knowledge
Q2) The ________ effect describes the situation in which we devalue activities we perform,even if they are pleasing,in order to get an external payoff.
A) superfluous reward
B) overjustification
C) cognitive dissonance
D) system justification
Q3) Suppose your friend asks you for advice on how she can encourage her son to clean his room regularly.Generate a plan,based on the principle of insufficient justification,to get her son to clean his room more often.How can she avoid the overjustification effect?
Q4) Explain the embodied nature of emotion and cognition and describe two research studies that show the relation between bodily movements and attitudes.
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Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Q1) Bernard views himself as a Democrat.He is watching a television broadcast of a debate between two congressmen,a Republican and a Democrat.His roommate starts to vacuum the apartment.Bernard asks his roommate to shut off the vacuum only when the Democrat is speaking.This scenario illustrates ________ in action.
A) peripheral processing
B) attitude inoculation
C) attentional bias
D) attitude reactance
Q2) Imagine that your local campus police officers need help solving a crime.They have two witnesses whose accounts of the event are inconsistent,and they suspect that at least one of these witnesses might be lying.Whom should the local police call to best assist them in detecting whether either witness has lied?
A) a local attorney
B) They do not need help: most people are good at detecting lies.
C) a Secret Service agent
D) a clinical psychology professor on campus
Q3) Jennifer smokes cigarettes.Describe how selective attention and selective evaluation may make Jennifer resistant to anti-smoking messages.
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Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Q1) Which of the following is true about the original Milgram experiment (1965)?
A) Nearly all participants called the experimenter's attention to the learner's suffering.
B) Many participants stated explicitly that they refused to continue.
C) Nearly all participants called the experimenter's attention to the learner's suffering, and many participants stated explicitly that they refused to continue.
D) None of the answer options is correct.
Q2) How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? What explains the effectiveness of these approaches?
Q3) Give an example of an emotion-based strategy for getting someone to comply with your request for help.Then explain how and why this strategy should influence compliance.
Q4) Reactance theory suggests that compliance may be ________ likely if people
A) more; are aware that others are trying to influence their behavior
B) less; perceive that their freedom of choice is being threatened
C) more; are motivated to feel better about themselves
D) less; are motivated to feel better about themselves
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Q1) Describe how a teacher might take advantage of proximity to encourage interracial friendships in her classroom.
Q2) Describe how the evolutionary theory of physical attraction helps explain the fact that many more films depict relationships between older men and younger women than relationships in which the genders are reversed (depicting older women in relationships with younger men).
Q3) Larry suspects that his girlfriend wants to break up with him.Being a rather mean-spirited fellow,Larry tells his girlfriend that if she breaks up with him,she will be alone and will never find another boyfriend.To manipulate his girlfriend,Larry is drawing his girlfriend's attention to the ________ component of Rusbult and colleagues' (1980,1983,2012)investment model of commitment.
A) investment
B) alternative partners
C) rewards
D) passion
Q4) Provide an example of how an advertising agency could employ the mere exposure effect when creating ads for their clients' products.
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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) Imagine that you are a teacher and want to put the principles of the jigsaw classroom into practice.Describe a class activity that you could use and explain how it should help promote more positive intergroup attitudes.
Q2) The tendency to boost the status of and give more resources to ingroup members,compared to outgroup members,is referred to as ________.
A) ingroup boosting
B) outgroup favoritism
C) ingroup favoritism
D) hostile racism
Q3) Describe two characteristics of college campuses that may undermine positive intergroup contact.Then,list one approach that educators have used to try to promote positive contact.
Q4) Bill's belief that all African-Americans are good at sports exemplifies ________.Bill's refusal to hire African-Americans exemplifies ________.
A) discrimination; ethnocentrism
B) prejudice; stereotyping
C) stereotyping; discrimination
D) racism; modern racism
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Chapter 12: Groups
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Q1) In order to prevent the occurrence of groupthink,a group leader should A) refrain from making his or her opinion known at the beginning of the discussion. B) decrease the group's exposure to opinions of nongroup members. C) dismiss group members who are critical of the prevailing opinion. D) increase the cohesiveness of the group.
Q2) Evaluation apprehension can ________ a task,and thereby leads to more pronounced social facilitation effects.
A) increase how much positivity we put into B) decease how much positivity we put into C) increase how aroused we are during D) decrease how aroused we are during
Q3) Explain the approach/inhibition theory of power and describe a situation in which high-power and low-power people are likely to behave differently.
Q4) Describe the physiological and behavioral effects of assuming high-power physical poses.How might you use this knowledge to design an intervention aimed at increasing confidence in people who are preparing for a job interview?
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Q1) The textbook describes a study by Caspi,Moffitt,and colleagues (2002)that examined the extent to which childhood mistreatment,as well as a defective gene,predicts violent crime conviction by age 26 among men.Which of the following best describes the finding?
A) People with the defective gene were more likely to be convicted of a crime by age 26, regardless of whether they were mistreated as children.
B) People who were mistreated as children were more likely to be convicted of a crime by age 26, but having the defective gene did not predict aggression.
C) There was no relationship between the specific defective gene being examined in that study, but the study still suggested that aggression is primarily genetically caused.
D) People with the defective gene who were also mistreated as children were the most likely to be convicted of a crime by age 26.
Q2) Describe how you might design an anger management intervention based on research on distancing.What types of strategies would you promote,and which ones would you discourage?
Q3) Define culture of honor and describe its influence on aggression.
Q4) Describe two characteristics of rape-prone cultures.
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Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Q1) A group of people who observe a bicycle accident try to help the victim of that emergency.This is an example of
A) reciprocal empathy.
B) eyewitness altruism.
C) bystander intervention.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
Q2) Which of the following examples does NOT support the concept of kin selection?
A) Friends jump into a river to save a drowning friend, but all of them die.
B) Across cultures, people are more willing to help closely related individuals than strangers.
C) A ground squirrel will put itself in danger to warn another genetically related squirrel of danger.
D) Identical twins cooperate more when working together than do fraternal twins.
Q3) If you want to increase the odds that you will get help when you are in need,which of the following actions should you take?
A) single out a specific person and ask him or her for help
B) move to a big city
C) do not explain your problem
D) remain quiet and calm
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Chapter 15: Application Module 1 : Social Psychology and Health
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Q1) What does research suggest about the relationship between close social connections and health outcomes? What factors are believed to explain this relationship?
Q2) Describe research that supports the role of perceived control in promoting good physical health.
Q3) Which of the following best summarizes the purpose of activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis,which involves increased cortisol and temporary immune system suppression?
A) to propagate the species through increased drive for reproduction
B) to increase survival value by storing up rather than expending energy reserves
C) to increase survival value by quickly responding to threats
D) to improve psychological health by suppressing memories of threatening events
Q4) Which of the following was found in breast cancer patients who were evaluated by their physicians as having better responses to the disease?
A) They relinquished control of their treatment to their doctors.
B) They reported having a sense of control over the course of the disease.
C) They were more likely to deny that they had cancer.
D) They were more likely to report intense anger at the cancer.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Application Module 2 : Social Psychology and Educatio
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Q1) The belief that intelligence is something one is born with and cannot change is referred to as the
A) entity theory of intelligence.
B) evolutionary theory of intelligence.
C) incremental theory of intelligence.
D) attributional fallacy.
Q2) Lehman and Nisbett (1990)studied the effects of different college majors on students' ability to use statistical and methodological principles in their reasoning.What did they find?
A) Students who majored in the humanities improved their reasoning abilities the most.
B) College major did not influence students' reasoning abilities.
C) Students majoring in psychology and other social sciences improved their reasoning abilities the most.
D) Students majoring in the natural sciences improved their reasoning abilities the most.
Q3) How do incremental and entity theories of intelligence differ? How can a person's theory of intelligence impact his or her behavior?
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Chapter 17: Application Module 3 :social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) Which of the following is a factor in the overrepresentation of minority communities in the criminal justice system?
A) Police officers have discretionary power over whom they decide to pull over and search.
B) White offenders tend to get longer sentences for similar crimes than black offenders.
C) White drivers are less likely than minority drivers to be in possession of illicit drugs.
D) Black or Latino drivers are less likely to be searched than white drivers.
Q2) Which of the following is true about procedural justice?
A) The magnitude of punishment dictated by the courts is not correlated with perceptions of procedural justice.
B) The degree to which offenders saw the system as neutral and respectful more strongly predicted perceptions of fairness than the punishment received.
C) Measures of procedural justice were unrelated to perceptions of fairness of the system.
D) All the answer options are correct.
Q3) Explain how stereotypes can lead to biases in our criminal justice system.
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