Psychology of Attitudes and Persuasion
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations of attitudes, the mechanisms by which they are formed, changed, and measured, and their influence on behavior. Key topics include attitude development, the role of cognition and emotion, the function of stereotypes and prejudice, and the principles of effective persuasion. Through examination of classic and contemporary research, students will learn about the processes underlying attitude change, persuasion strategies in media and interpersonal contexts, and the ethical implications of persuasive communication. The course equips students with critical skills for analyzing and applying theories of attitude and persuasion in real-world situations.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 9th Edition by Elliot Aronson
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16 Chapters
2963 Verified Questions
2963 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology
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184 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists tend to be more focused on ________, and personality psychologists tend to focus more on ________.
A) global issues; mental health
B) societal problems; therapies for psychological disorders
C) how people are unique; how people are similar
D) the influence of the situation; individual differences
Answer: D
Q2) Most of the early social psychologists arrived in the U.S.from A) Asia.
B) Europe.
C) Australia.
D) South America.
Answer: B
Q3) The term "self-fulfilling prophecy" refers to the tendency to
A) live up to our highest expectations of ourselves.
B) be motivated to fulfill our hopes and dreams.
C) inadvertently elicit the very behaviors we expect from others.
D) strive for self-actualization.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research
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251 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A cult in the 1950s believed that the world was coming to an end very soon.Researchers Leon Festinger and his colleagues studied this cult by joining the group and pretending to share these beliefs.What research method were they using?
A) archival analysis
B) ethnography
C) correlational study
D) field experiment
Answer: B
Q2) All of the following are threats to the internal validity of a study except A) failure to randomly assign participants.
B) assigning participants based on gender.
C) varying only the independent variable.
D) randomly changing several aspects of the study in addition to the independent variable.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Social Cognition: How We Think About the Social World
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235 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How are self-fulfilling prophecies and schemas related?
A) Self-fulfilling prophecies are deliberate attempts by people to confirm their schemas.
B) Self-fulfilling prophecies are inadvertent and unconscious influences on behavior by an individual's schemas.
C) Self-fulfilling prophecies are deliberate attempts to treat people in an unbiased manner.
D) Self-fulfilling prophecies are examples of priming of schemas.
Answer: B
Q2) Several studies conducted by Nisbett and his colleagues suggest that people who grow up in East Asian cultures think more ___________ than people who grew up in Western cultures.
A) intelligently
B) creatively
C) analytically
D) holistically
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Perception: How We Come to Understand
Other People
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ attribution is to person to as ________ attribution is to situation.
A) Intrinsic; extrinsic
B) Internal; correspondent
C) Internal; external
D) Individual; collective
Q2) Hong and colleagues (2003) primed bicultural students with American, Chinese, or neutral images and had them make attributions about why a fish was swimming in front of other fish.What was the independent variable of this experiment?
A)the type of attribution
B)the students
C)the type of images
D)there was no independent variable
Q3) Seeing pictures of physically attractive celebrities and models, many people in the U.S.assume that these people are also intelligent, kind, or wealthy.Such assumptions illustrate the schema held widely as a culture that A) what is beautiful is good.
B) beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
C) beauty is only skin deep.
D) one should beware of that which is too beautiful.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context
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Sample Questions
Q1) When people in Western cultures learn about the interdependent view of the self and people in Asian cultures learn of the independent view of the self, what is the typical reaction?
A)"Of course, they are so similar, it's easy to understand."
B)Many decide to change their view of self and "convert" to the view held by the other culture.
C)Many wish to promote a vision of a unified intradependent view of the self.
D)Many have difficulty understanding how the others could view the world in such a way.
Q2) Rosemary was invited to a dinner party by a colleague from her new job.Although she was told to arrive around 7:00, Rosemary made sure that she did not arrive before 7:30 so she would not appear overly eager.In which of the following strategies is Rosemary engaging?
A) self-handicapping
B) ingratiation
C) impression management
D) social comparison
Q3) Describe how a self-perception theorist would explain how you come to decide whether you really like your new roommate.
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Chapter 6: The Need to Justify Our Actions: the Costs and
Benefits of Dissonance Reduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A Japanese psychologist by the name of Sakai observed participants partaking in dissonance-reducing behaviors.Sakai also had a fellow group member of the participants observe the dissonance-reducing behavior.The observer then indicated how enjoyable he or she thought a boring task was.Results indicated that the observers experienced
A) no dissonance and no dissonance reduction.
B) strong dissonance.
C) no dissonance reduction.
D) a similar level of dissonance reduction as the participant.
Q2) Jorge has just undergone a three-week initiation process to become a member of a fraternity.During the initiation, he was made to do such things as shave his head, run naked through the cafeteria, and sing obnoxious fraternity songs during classes.Jorge now considers the fraternity the best thing that's ever happened to him and is convinced that his fraternity brothers are friends for life.Jorge's attitude towards his fraternity is probably the result of
A) postdecision dissonance.
B) the overjustification effect.
C) insufficient punishment.
D) justification of effort.
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Chapter 7: Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing
Thoughts and Feelings
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265 Verified Questions
265 Flashcards
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Sample
Questions
Q1) Lori downloads and listens to MP3s to help her quit smoking.She cannot consciously detect any antismoking messages.Chances are that the messages are
A) implicit.
B) subliminal.
C) not there at all.
D) superliminal.
Q2) You strongly suspect that your younger brother is no longer a virgin, so you want to persuade him to use condoms each and every time he has sex.How would you use McGuire's (1964) concept of attitude inoculation and the work on resisting peer pressure to make your younger brother immune to later attempts to persuade him to engage in risky sexual activities?
Q3) Based on the effects of attitude forewarning, whose attitude is likely to change the most?
A) Terrence, who is attending a lecture entitled "Why War Now" in order to receive course credit
B) Jonathon, who is going to visit a used-car showroom
C) Larry, who is preparing to talk to his soon-to-be-ex-wife's attorney
D) Marvin, who goes to see a comedy film and listens to an appeal from a charity before the movie is shown
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Conformity: Influencing Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a field study by Shultz and his colleagues (2007), several households in a neighborhood received weekly feedback about their level of energy consumption relative to their neighbors.How are these results being applied?
A)Neighbors tell each other tips for better energy conservation.
B)Energy companies send out workers to assess energy consumption.
C)Some utility companies now put a smiley or sad face on customers' bills.
D)People are "paying it forward" and teaching others about energy conservation.
Q2) According to the text, what are the three things that happen to individuals who resist normative social influence?
Q3) You need to give a presentation in your class about Bibb Latané's social impact theory (1981).You want to focus on the three variables that influence the likelihood that people will conform to social influence pressures.Your lecture will include:
A) strength, immediacy, and number.
B) norms, values, and social practices.
C) anonymity, situational ambiguity, and norms.
D) pressure, resistance, and interdependence.
Q4) Explain how both informational conformity and normative conformity could contribute to eating disorders in women.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social facilitation refers to the tendency of people to perform ________ on simple tasks and ________ on complex tasks when others are present.
A) better; worse
B) worse; better
C) faster; slower
D) slower; faster
Q2) When former President Bush issued the final approval to invade Iraq, he asked whether anyone had any last thoughts or recommendations.When no one commented, the order was given.The authors give this as an example of how A) groups can make good decisions when there is a strong leadership.
B) cohesive groups tend to disagree more frequently than groups of diverse experts.
C) groups do not always make good decisions when they are cohesive and want to please their leader.
D) groups make the best decisions when they are cohesive and want to please their leader.
Q3) Describe the consequences of the "double bind" of conflicting social-role demands that can make it difficult for women to be successful as leaders.
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11
Chapter 10: Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) If an architect were to capitalize on functional distance, and design an apartment building in which all tenants had an equal chance of taking advantage of the propinquity effect, the building would have which of the following features?
A) a long hallway, with apartments separated by large spaces
B) a U-shaped hallway
C) It would be circular, with elevators, laundry facilities, and mailboxes equidistant from all tenants.
D) It would be in a straight line, with mailboxes at one end and elevators at the other end.
Q2) How is Rusbult's (1983, 1991) investment model of relationships similar to and different from traditional social exchange theory models of relationships?
Q3) Genetic fitness isn't unimportant to women.When are women most likely to demonstrate a preference for males who have symmetrical faces, a muscular physique, and a masculine face?
A)in the morning
B)after midnight
C)when ovulating
D)when least fertile
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Chapter 11: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper.
A) Prosocial behavior
B) Altruism
C) Empathy
D) Reciprocity
Q2) Describe what "positive psychology" is, and discuss its relationship to the field of social psychology.
Q3) In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about ________ and ________.
A) their personality; the particular situation in question
B) their parents' disciplinary practices; their personality
C) their relationship with the other person; their personality
D) the costs and rewards of helping; the particulars of the situation in question
Q4) Do men and women differ in their tendency to help? If so, how?
Q5) How do evolutionary psychologists use the concepts of kin selection and the reciprocity norm to explain human prosocial behavior?
Q6) Discuss the role of media in helping.
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Chapter 12: Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People Can
We Prevent It
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Sample Questions
Q1) In romantic relationships, a study of nearly 500 first-year American college women reported that they were _______ likely to hit, slap, and throw objects as their boyfriends.
A)equally
B)less
C)more
D)not at all
Q2) A teacher at a preschool tries to show some rowdy children how to "play nice." She shows them a doll hitting her, and her hugging the doll in response.The teacher's behavior is an example of
A) modeling nonaggressive behavior.
B) training good communication skills.
C) teaching the children how to solve problems more effectively.
D) building empathy in the children.
Q3) According to your textbook, most social psychologists agree that aggression is a(n) ________ strategy.
A) inherited
B) uncontrollable
C) optional
D) inflexible
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Prejudice: Causes Consequences and Cures
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168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ refers to the apprehension among minority group members that they might confirm to existing cultural stereotypes.
A) Performance ambivalence
B) Stereotype threat
C) Stereotypic anxiety
D) Evaluation apprehension
Q2) A number of colleges, universities, and corporations are encouraged to hire equally qualified women and minorities for high status positions.In support of this practice, some argue that the paucity of women and minorities inadvertently communicates to students and workers that members of these groups are not as competent or worthy of consideration.In essence, those who support the diversification of the workforce point to ________ as a source of negative stereotypes and prejudice.
A) realistic conflict
B) scapegoating
C) affirmative action
D) institutional discrimination
Q3) In what way is scapegoating different from realistic conflict as a source of prejudice, discrimination, and inter-group conflict?
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Chapter 14: Making a Difference With Social Psychology: Attaining a Sustainable Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mr.Bernes owns several factories and is concerned with his employees wasting energy.Based on evidence presented in your text about competition and energy consumption, what should Mr.Bernes do?
A) provide weekly feedback to his employees about how much energy their factory consumes
B) train workers on how to conserve energy
C) provide weekly comparative feedback about energy usage from several plants to employees
D) make energy conservation mandatory-"or else"
Q2) An experiment would be the best type of research design to determine whether Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) works.Why?
A) Experiments can find positive relationships between variables.
B) Experiments can describe behavior.
C) Experiments can find cause-and-effect relationships.
D) Experiments can control behavior.
Q3) What is the role of money in determining how happy a person will be?
Q4) Recall that Kurt Lewin (1947) asserted that the best way to ensure large, widespread social change is to remove small barriers.How has this idea been used to encourage recycling?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Psychology and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under stress, women are more likely than men to seek out the companionship of A) the significant men in their lives.
B) other women.
C) anyone who they think might be supportive.
D) anyone, whether or not they expect that person to be supportive.
Q2) ________ refers to Leo's belief that he can influence his environment, and can influence the odds of positive or negative outcomes.
A) Self-efficacy
B) Learned helplessness
C) Social support
D) Perceived control
Q3) Gina believes that if she eats well, exercises regularly, and learns all she can by reading and talking to experts, she can prevent her breast cancer from returning.Gina has
A) an internal locus of control.
B) a sense of perceived control.
C) high self-esteem.
D) a high degree of neuroticism.
Q4) Given daily and even more major life stressors, explain how people tend to respond.
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology and the Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) With regard to recovered memories, on which point are nonscientific writers and research psychologists most likely to agree?
A) Sexual abuse is more common than many people would like to think.
B) The repression of memories is a major source of depression and eating disorders.
C) Recovered memories, in the absence of other evidence, are not sufficient to prove past abuse.
D) Many people who allegedly recover memories of abuse are making up stories.
Q2) Our minds are not video cameras that objectively record and play back all events we see and hear.One reason eyewitness information is often unreliable is that one or more memory processes can be affected.What are those three processes, and what factors can bias them?
Q3) Because minority opinions seldom hold sway in jury deliberations and verdicts, it might be argued that juries are "stacked," and that unanimous verdicts are meaningless.Perhaps we should simply have jurors take a vote when the trial is over.What would a social psychologist say?
Q4) How do jurors make sense of the large amount of information presented during the trial? What are the implications for how jurors process information for legal strategy?
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