Psychology of Attitudes and Persuasion
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological foundations of attitudes, how they are formed, changed, and manifested in behavior. Students will examine major theories and contemporary research on persuasion, including the cognitive, affective, and social processes that influence how individuals adopt or resist new attitudes. Topics include attitude measurement, cognitive dissonance, message framing, the role of media and social norms, and ethical considerations in persuasion. Through discussion and analysis, students will gain insight into the mechanisms of attitude change in personal, social, and mass communication contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Exploring Social Psychology 6th Edition by
David G. Myers
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Doing Social Psychology
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Q1) The degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants in real psychological processes refers to
A) realistic experimentation.
B) televised reality.
C) mundane realism.
D) experimental realism.
Answer: D
Q2) Theories help social psychologists _____ their observations and _____ their hypotheses.
A) test; organize
B) organize; test
C) objectify; refute
D) refute; objectify
Answer: B
Q3) A theory
A) is an agreed-upon statement.
B) summarizes and explains facts.
C) cannot be tested.
D) is less than fact.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Did You Know It All Along
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Q1) When asked who you think will win the next presidential election,you reply that you do not know.However,after the election results are reported,you claim that it was obvious all along.This is an example of the A) retrospective bias.
B) information bias.
C) prediction bias.
D) hindsight bias.
Answer: D
Q2) Amy reads a research article and feels like it didn't tell her anything she didn't already know.Amy's experience illustrates the A) hindsight bias. B) foresight bias.
C) confirmation bias.
D) correspondence bias.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I
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Q1) When it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of our future emotions,research indicates that most people
A) excel.
B) experience great difficulty.
C) perform moderately well.
D) either excel or fail, depending on the situation.
Answer: B
Q2) In the U.S.,those living in Hawaii and the deep south exhibit more _______ than those living in the western mountain states.
A) individualism
B) collectivism
C) self-esteem
D) self awareness
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?
A) Two heads are better than one.
B) To thine own self be true.
C) Father knows best.
D) It takes a village to raise a child.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Self-Serving Bias
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Q1) Most people perceive themselves as
A) less intelligent than others.
B) less attractive than others.
C) much less prejudiced than others.
D) knowing others better than we know ourselves.
Q2) The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as
A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) the self-deprecating bias.
D) the self-serving bias.
Q3) Give an example of false consensus and an example of false uniqueness.Clearly label which is which.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that the self-serving bias is adaptive?
A) It helps protect from depression.
B) It makes us feel less vulnerable to risks such as AIDS.
C) It can motivate us to achieve.
D) It helps to buffer stress.
Q5) Discuss how the self-serving bias is both adaptive and maladaptive.
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Chapter 5: The Power of Positive Thinking
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Q1) You are more likely to be satisfied with your selection of soda,purchased from the vending machine,if you are presented with _______ options rather than if you are presented with _______ options.
A) a few; many
B) many; a few
C) some; no
D) no; some
Q2) Our sense of self-worth is also called our
A) self-concept.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-esteem.
D) self-value.
Q3) Researchers reported a _______ correlation between persistence and self-efficacy.
A) positive
B) negative
C) moderate
D) zero
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and locus of control.
Q5) Review the evidence that supports the "dark side of high self-esteem."
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Fundamental Attribution Error
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Q1) In _______ cultures,people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.
A) individualistic
B) collectivistic
C) religious
D) secular
Q2) reported that
A) participants were able to differentiate opinions that were chosen from those that were assigned.
B) even when they knew that the position was assigned, participants still reported that the feelings articulated in the essays reflected the authors' true opinions.
C) participants believed that all authors were against Castro's policies regardless of what they wrote.
D) participants believed that all authors were for Castro's policies regardless of what they wrote.
Q3) Both you and your friend are late for a meeting.How would the attribution theory predict both your behavior and your friend's behavior?
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8
Chapter 7: The Powers and Perils of Intuition
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Q1) Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
A) Get people to think about why their judgments might be wrong.
B) Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of their judgments.
C) Inform people about the overconfidence bias.
D) Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias.
Q2) Describe the strengths and the weaknesses of both controlled and automatic processing.
Q3) Provide an example of the overconfidence phenomenon in the workplace.
Q4) One reason people are overconfident is that they are not inclined to seek out information
A) from experts.
B) that is objective and factual.
C) that involves judging estimates and comparisons.
D) that might disprove what they believe.
Q5) The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the
A) perseverance bias.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) correspondence bias.
D) overconfidence phenomenon.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Reasons for Unreason
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Q1) The "Kulechov effect" (named after a Russian film director)is another illustration of A) the principle of belief perseverance.
B) confirmation bias.
C) false memories.
D) how our preconceptions determine our subsequent perceptions of emotion.
Q2) ,if you want young children to put trash in wastebaskets,you should repeatedly A) tell them that they should be neat and tidy.
B) congratulate them for being neat and tidy.
C) tell them that littering is a crime.
D) tell them that people who litter are bad.
Q3) Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam,you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again.Your experience may be understood in terms of A) the illusory correlation.
B) regression toward the average.
C) the representativeness heuristic.
D) counterfactual thinking.
Q4) What is illusory thinking and what are its effects?
Q5) Describe how behavioral confirmation can take place in a classroom.
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Chapter 9: Behavior and Belief
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Q1) As noted in the textbook,at the beginning of the Iraq war only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.When no such weapons were found after the war,58% of Americans then supported the war.Myers explains this revision of people's memories of the government's rationale for going to war as an example of
A) self-presentation.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) self-justification.
D) self-perception.
Q2) Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT
A) feelings.
B) behavioral tendencies or actions.
C) beliefs or thoughts.
D) aptitudes.
Q3) Research indicates that harming an innocent victim,especially voluntarily,leads one to
A) feel increasingly guilty.
B) disparage the victim to justify the behavior.
C) act more kindly toward others.
D) become more aggressive toward others.
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Chapter 10: Clinical Intuition
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Q1) Define illusory correlation.Provide an example of it from your own life.
Q2) Research indicates that when interviewers are instructed to test for a trait,they tend to ask questions that show evidence of A) the confirmation bias.
B) the illusion of control.
C) negative attributional styles.
D) illusory correlations.
Q3) gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits,and found that people often tested for a trait by A) asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.
B) looking for information that would contradict it.
C) looking for information that would confirm it.
D) asking very specific questions to disprove it.
Q4) Discuss how the hindsight bias and self-confirming diagnoses can lead clinicians to be overconfident in their clinical judgments.
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Chapter 11: Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition
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Q1) According to the text,which of the following is a social-psychological principle that can be applied to the treatment of psychological difficulties?
A) attitudes-follow-behavior
B) we are cognitive misers
C) acceptance breeds compliance
D) behavior-follows-attitudes
Q2) Compared to depressed people,non-depressed people
A) exaggerate their control of events around them.
B) have realistic perceptions of the good and bad things that the future holds.
C) readily accept responsibility for both successes and failures.
D) describe themselves with a fairly even mix of positive and negative qualities.
Q3) Do depressed moods cause negative thinking,or does negative thinking cause depression?
Q4) Loneliness is best described as a state created by the awareness that you
A) are alone most of the time.
B) have lost a significant relationship.
C) have less numerous or meaningful social relationships than you desire.
D) are not really respected even though you have many acquaintances.
Q5) Discuss the goal of explanatory style therapy for individuals with depression.
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Chapter 12: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity
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Q1) Zoe has lived in the United States all of her life,yet her Greek grandmother made sure that Zoe was fluent in the Greek language,so she would understand the Greek way of life.What has Zoe's grandmother passed on to her?
A) a belief
B) a norm
C) a culture
D) a value
Q2) The buffer space we like to maintain around our bodies is called our personal A) zone.
B) space.
C) place.
D) distance.
Q3) The evolutionary process by which nature selects traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environmental niches is called A) evolutionary adaptation.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) natural adaptation.
D) natural selection.
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Chapter 13: Gender, Genes, and Culture
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Q1) A set of behavioral expectations for males or females defines gender A) type.
B) role.
C) identity.
D) position.
Q2) Evolutionary psychologists take credit for predicting and confirming that A) memories retain survival-relevant information.
B) gender generates jealousy.
C) we are most likely to help members of the opposite sex.
D) we favor others who share our genes.
Q3) Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to display their "abs and assets" as an example of their striving to offer what women desire,which is A) charm.
B) generosity.
C) a sensitive and emotional nature.
D) external resources and physical protection.
Q4) In your opinion,what are the most important gender differences described in the textbook? Why?
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Chapter 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted
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Q1) While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99% of the time in Asch's conformity study,his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___% of the time.
A) 12
B) 37
C) 65
D) 87
Q2) In one variation of his original experiment,Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant)to assume command in the experimenter's absence.As a result of this manipulation,
A) most teachers agreed to comply with the orders of their fellow group member.
B) the teachers competed with him and with each other for the role of leader.
C) participants became more positive about their roles in this cohesive group, and some even became enthusiastic.
D) 80% of the teachers refused to comply fully.
Q3) Discuss the ethics of Milgram's study. study.
Q4) Describe three of the variations done on Milgram's original obedience experiment.Be sure to discuss how the results varied as a function of these changes.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Two Routes to Persuasion
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Q1) When would it be best to present a persuasive appeal to an audience that was in a good mood versus a bad mood? Why?
Q2) When an initially discounted message becomes effective,a delayed impact of the message occurs.This is called the _______ effect.
A) delayed reaction
B) short-term memory
C) sleeper
D) longevity
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary elements of persuasion that social psychologists have studied?
A) the communicator
B) the context
C) the message
D) how the message is communicated
Q4) You have been hired to develop an informational campaign to prevent junior high school students from taking up smoking.Your boss wants you to use a scare-tactic approach.What must you do to construct a fear-appeal that is maximally effective?
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Chapter 16: Indoctrination and Inoculation
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Q1) Inoculation research suggests that children
A) are not persuaded by television advertising.
B) fail to grasp the persuasive intent of commercials.
C) use the central route to persuasion.
D) are skeptical of television advertising.
Q2) Describe a familiar television commercial and analyze the elements of persuasion that it uses.Does it promote and/or assume central or peripheral route processing?
Q3) Explain attitude inoculation and how it affects persuasive appeals.
Q4) Another term for a cult is a(n)
A) spinoff from a major religion.
B) sect.
C) new religious movement.
D) evil culture.
Q5) As an example of how persuasion can be used to promote healthier living,the CDC has reported that smoking in the U.S.has ______ over the last 40 years.
A) stabilized
B) decreased by 23%
C) become more popular with teens
D) increased to 23%
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Chapter 17: The Mere Presence of Others
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Q1) Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel.The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.
A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) curvilinear
Q2) Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal,you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom.
A) do well
B) do poorly
C) do average
D) skip questions
Q3) The concern for how others are evaluating us is called
A) distraction.
B) arousal.
C) mere presence.
D) evaluation apprehension.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility
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Q1) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants,they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone.
A) pulled more
B) pulled less
C) pulled the same amount
D) varied more in their pulling amount
Q2) When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated,evaluation apprehension is _______ and the probability of social loafing is _______.
A) high; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) low; low
Q3) Sam has a tendency contribute little effort to group assignments,as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade.This is an example of A) social facilitation.
B) social loafing.
C) deindividuation.
D) mere presence.
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Q1) Based on research cited in the text,who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green light?
A) The driver of a moped.
B) The driver of a convertible with the top down.
C) The drive of a convertible with the top up.
D) The driver of a motorcycle.
Q2) According to the text,physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior.
A) always
B) sometimes
C) never
D) almost never
Q3) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were
A) more likely to be victorious.
B) less likely to be victorious.
C) less likely to brutalize their victims.
D) more likely to brutalize their victims.
Q4) In what situations is deinviduation most likely to occur?
Q5) Compare and contrast social loafing,social facilitation,and deindividuation.
Q6) "Self-awareness is the opposite of deindividuation." Explain this statement.
Page 21
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Chapter 20: How Do Groups Intensify Decisions
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Q1) Julio is a directive leader of a highly cohesive student group on campus.When discussing important policy decisions,the group will be at greatest risk for groupthink if it is also
A) isolated from dissenting viewpoints.
B) composed of majority and minority students.
C) well-informed regarding both sides of the issue.
D) aware of the dangers of making wrong decisions.
Q2) Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized by groupthink?
A) "We have been in agreement on matters in the past and I hope that will continue."
B) "Joe, why don't you play devil's advocate and challenge the course of action most of us seem to prefer?"
C) "I think we need some outsiders to come in and critique our decision before we proceed."
D) "We have made some stupid mistakes in the past. Let's work carefully to not make the same errors again."
Q3) view of how groupthink symptoms contributed to the Iraq war.
Q4) Describe the ways to prevent groupthink.
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Power to the Person
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Q1) Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation.However,after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation,Ahmed decides to remain at college.Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of A) reaction formation.
B) regression.
C) psychological reactance.
D) self-serving bias.
Q2) Gina is a highly effective leader who excels in delegating authority,motivating those under her authority,and providing support.Gina excels in A) social leadership.
B) laissez faire leadership.
C) task leadership.
D) feminine leadership.
Q3) The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as A) rebellion.
B) disobedience. C) resistance.
D) reactance.
Q4) Provide an example of how social control and personal control interact.
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Chapter 22: The Reach of Prejudice
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Q1) A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called A) racism.
B) discrimination.
C) sexism.
D) prejudice.
Q2) A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) A) affect.
B) behavioral tendency.
C) cognition.
D) stereotype.
Q3) Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks,she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason.She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call
A) overt discrimination.
B) automatic processing.
C) modern racism.
D) hidden racism.
Q4) Define and provide examples of prejudice,stereotypes,and discrimination.
Q5) Summarize the research on racial attitudes in the U.S.from the 1940s to current times.
24
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Chapter 23: The Roots of Prejudice
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Q1) _____ tends to lead to modest change in stereotypes because stereotypes become more differentiated.
A) Subgrouping
B) Stereotype threat
C) The just-world phenomenon
D) Ethnocentrism
Q2) Research on the relationship between religion and prejudice has found
A) religion causes prejudice.
B) prejudice causes religion.
C) the relationship depends on how religion is defined.
D) religion is causes authoritarianism which, in turn, causes prejudice.
Q3) The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _______ phenomenon.
A) retribution
B) just-world
C) ingroup bias
D) stereotype invulnerability
Q4) Review the research on how distinctiveness can breed stereotypes.
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Chapter 24: The Nature and Nurture of Aggression
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?
A) Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee.
B) Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.
C) Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's tooth.
D) Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm resulted in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time.
Q2) Explain the social learning approach to controlling aggression.
Q3) A person kicking the wall after losing a game of poker is an example of A) regression.
B) displacement.
C) relative deprivation.
D) the weapons effect.
Q4) Displaced aggression is most likely to occur when the target _______ to the instigator.
A) shares no similarity
B) shares some similarity
C) is somehow related
D) is unrelated
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Chapter 25: Do the Media Influence Social Behavior
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Q1) ,playing violent video games increased aggression
A) in men only.
B) only those living in individualistic cultures.
C) in correlational studies but not experimental studies.
D) in children, adolescents, and young adults.
Q2) found that 8-year-olds who watched the most violence were
A) unlikely to finish high school.
B) more likely to get a divorce.
C) more likely to be convicted of a crime.
D) more likely to commit child abuse.
Q3) Adam frequently plays violent video games.Social psychologists would predict that Adam would therefore be likely to frequently
A) watch many hours of television.
B) access pornography.
C) get into fights.
D) listen to rap music.
Q4) found to be associated with video games.
Q5) How does pornography encourage distorted perceptions of sexual reality?
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Chapter 26: Who Likes Whom
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Q1) Todorov and colleagues asked Princeton University students to pick who won a series of U.S.Senate and U.S.House of Representative elections.Students correctly picked the winners the majority of the time.What were their guesses based on?
A) their superior memory of the elections' actual outcomes
B) picking who the more attractive candidate in the race was based on photographs C) mere exposure of the candidates' names
D) the candidates' election platform
Q2) found that when ostracized during an online Frisbee-like game,players were _______ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.
A) less likely
B) more likely
C) somewhat likely
D) not likely
Q3) Attractiveness best predicts happiness and social connections for A) people living in rural settings.
B) people in their 20s.
C) people living in urban settings.
D) people in their 50s.
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Chapter 27: The Ups and Downs of Love
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Q1) According to the text,which characteristic is NOT true of people who usually stay married?
A) They married after age 20.
B) They are well and similarly educated.
C) They cohabited or became pregnant before marriage.
D) They live in a small town.
Q2) Self-disclosure involves
A) protecting oneself by closing off part of oneself from others.
B) stopping oneself from getting involved in an intimate relationship.
C) revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
D) closing down emotionally.
Q3) In comparison to women,men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______.
A) readily; readily
B) slowly; slowly
C) readily; slowly
D) slowly; readily
Q4) Explain the research regarding the Internet and relationships.
Q5) Provide an example of the disclosure reciprocity effect.
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Chapter 28: Causes of Conflict
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Q1) Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in
A) mirror-image perception.
B) the jigsaw problem.
C) perceived injustice.
D) a social dilemma.
Q2) In the tragedy of the commons,the "commons" refers to
A) disputed border territory.
B) stolen goods or winnings.
C) any jointly used, finite resource.
D) private property that repeatedly changes ownership.
Q3) In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma,you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if you _______ and the other person _______.
A) confess; does not confess
B) confess; confesses
C) do not confess; confesses
D) do not confess; does not confess
Q4) Describe an example of a social dilemma that you have learned about in the news.
Q5) Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.
Page 30
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Chapter 29: Blessed Are the Peacemakers
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33 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Surveys of nearly 4000 Europeans revealed that an important factor in determining whether attitudes toward a minority group will become more favorable is whether
A) one has a friend who is a member of that minority group.
B) the minority group tends to be submissive.
C) the minority group has a history of significant accomplishment.
D) the language of the minority group can be easily mastered.
Q2) GRIT strategy?
A) Build up first-strike capability to negotiate from a position of strength.
B) Announce your conciliatory intent.
C) Carry out several verifiable conciliatory acts.
D) Maintain retaliatory capability.
Q3) Why do common external threats and superordinate goals both lead to greater cooperation between conflicting parties?
Q4) A goal that overrides people's differences from one another is called a(n)
A) superior goal.
B) superordinate goal.
C) ingroup goal.
D) independent goal.
Q5) Explain how couples can fight constructively.
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Chapter 30: When Do People Help
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Sample Questions
Q1) Review the research on the role of the number of bystanders in helping.Be sure to include a discussion of noticing,interpreting and assuming responsibility.
Q2) In the experimental studies of bystander non-intervention,researchers have
A) always first obtained the participant's informed consent.
B) been careful to debrief their laboratory participants.
C) subsequently found that most research participants believe the laboratory experiments have little, if any, value or application to everyday life.
D) been unable to replicate real-life situations.
Q3) found that _______ greatly decreased intervention.
A) social alienation
B) a lack of empathy
C) the presence of other bystanders
D) self-concern
Q4) Identify the steps in Darley and Latané's "decision tree" of helping.Based on this model,how could you increase your chances of getting someone to help you in an emergency?
Q5) Define altruism and provide an example of it.
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Page 32
Chapter 31: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future
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47 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Increased consumption,such as the burning of coal and oil to generate electricity,has contributed to A) global warming.
B) the advance of polar icecaps.
C) earthquakes becoming more common.
D) increased birth rates in industrialized nations.
Q2) Summarize the research showing how increased materialism has taken place during the last 30 years.
Q3) Rising air temperatures in the arctic is causing all of the following EXCEPT the A) thawing of the permafrost.
B) number of animals that are dying.
C) retreating glaciers.
D) rising ocean temperatures.
Q4) Describe the effects of global warming.
Q5) Csikszentmihalyi refers to the state wherein we are unselfconsciously absorbed in a mindful challenge as A) positive psychology.
B) unconditional positive regard.
C) flow.
D) individual hypnosis.
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