Psychology of Aging
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Aging explores the psychological processes associated with aging, addressing the cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout later adulthood. The course covers theories of adult development, age-related changes in memory and intelligence, the impact of life transitions such as retirement or bereavement, and the influence of culture and society on aging. Students examine challenges and opportunities faced by older adults, including mental health concerns, adaptation strategies, and positive aging. Through research, case studies, and discussion, this course provides an in-depth understanding of the psychological aspects of aging and their implications for individuals, families, and communities.
Recommended Textbook
Experience Human Development 13th Edition by Diane E. Papalia
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2586 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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Q1) Which scientific goal is reflected by stating that most students learn to read through a combination of phonetic and whole-word instruction?
A) Describe
B) Explain
C) Predict
D) Intervene
Answer: B
Q2) The principle that human development is adaptive means
A) it is coherent and organized.
B) it is aimed at dealing with internal and external conditions of existence.
C) development proceeds from simple to complex.
D) None of these
Answer: B
Q3) The critical period for language development is from early infancy to A) toddlerhood.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) puberty.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Theory and Research
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Q1) ____________ refers to the temporary support that parents,teachers,and others give a child in doing a task until the child can do it alone.
A) Laddering
B) Constructing
C) Scaffolding
D) Supporting
Answer: C
Q2) An example of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt would be
A) an infant learning that she can depend on being fed.
B) a 3-year-old trying to fill a cup with water and cheerfully wiping up the water when it spills.
C) a 10-year-old learning to read fluently.
D) a 4-year-old asking his mother for a cookie.
Answer: B
Q3) _______ means that the tests measure the abilities they claim to measure.
A) Standardization
B) Reliability
C) Validity
D) Reflection
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Forming a New Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about persons with Down syndrome is TRUE?
A) Most are profoundly retarded.
B) Most have severe health problems and die before age 30.
C) Most require total care for life.
D) Most can function to some degree in society.
Answer: D
Q2) A baby born with cognitive disabilities,heart problems,and facial and limb deformities probably had a mother who engaged in __________ during her pregnancy.
A) marijuana use along with some tobacco use
B) cocaine use
C) heavy alcohol consumption
D) caffeine use
Answer: C
Q3) A person's observable characteristics are his or her
A) alleles.
B) genetic imprint.
C) phenotype
D) genotype.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Birth and Physical Development During the First
Three Years
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Q1) Which of the following tastes would a newborn be most likely to prefer?
A) Water without any taste
B) Water with sugar added
C) Unsweetened lemonade
D) Salty tasting water
Q2) Which principle does motor development in infancy follow?
A) Cephalocaudal
B) Proximodistal
C) Simple-to-complex
D) All of these
Q3) A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of __________ on the Apgar scale.
A) 10
B) 8
C) 6
D) 4
Q4) Frequent visits to the hospital nursery by parents of a low-birth-weight baby
A) are discouraged because of germs.
B) increase the parents' anxiety.
C) cause parents to become too attached to the baby.
D) may speed the baby's discharge.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Piagetian approach focuses on
A) qualitative changes in cognition.
B) quantitative differences in intelligence.
C) establishing norms for intelligence tests.
D) the relationship of brain development to speed and function.
Q2) Illustrate the differences in classical and operant conditioning on infants' cognitive development.
Q3) Learning theory implies that
A) newborns should be able to distinguish between sounds.
B) children acquire language the same way they learn to walk.
C) children will learn language more rapidly with praise and attention.
D) children learn language by classical conditioning.
Q4) Andrew is an 18-month-old boy.His mother has been cleaning the house.Andrew watches her vacuum,wash the windows,and sweep the kitchen floor.The next day his mother watches as Andrew takes his toy vacuum and pretends to vacuum the floor.What cognitive technique is Andrew demonstrating?
A) Habituation
B) Explicit memory
C) Deferred imitation
D) Repetitive modeling
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Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development During the First
Three Years
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Q1) Prior to having her new baby,Kelsey had one infant who died of SIDS.According to your text,Kelsey's new baby is more likely to develop a(n)
A) secure attachment.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) ambivalent attachment.
D) disorganized attachment.
Q2) Generalizing from the text,which of the following infants is likely to show the strongest stranger anxiety?
A) A 6-month-old Navajo infant from a small family
B) A 9-month-old Anglo infant from a small family
C) An 18-month-old Anglo infant from a large family
D) A 9-month-old Anglo infant from a large family
Q3) Julie readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings,occasionally looking toward or touching her mother.Julie appears to be
A) securely attached.
B) disorganized-disoriented.
C) ambivalent.
D) avoidant.
Q4) Compare and contrast stranger anxiety and separation anxiety.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) By their late teens,children who had attended Project Head Start or similar programs were more likely than other needy children to have done which of the following?
A) Achieved permanent gains in IQ
B) Been in regular, rather than special education, classes
C) Finished high school and enrolled in college or vocational training
D) All of these
Q2) Piaget thought that young children's speech was mostly
A) egocentric.
B) social.
C) unintelligible.
D) ungrammatical.
Q3) In terms of compensatory education,which of the following is NOT a component of the PK-3 approach?
A) Offer prekindergarten to all 3- and 4-year olds.
B) Require full-day kindergarten.
C) Coordinate and align educational experiences from prekindergarten through third grade.
D) Require parental training for all participants in the program.
Q4) Provide three ways to help prevent obesity in young children.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Psychosocial Development in Early Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) At what age do children first begin to take pride in their accomplishments,even when no one is around to see them doing something well?
A) 4 to 5 years
B) 7 to 8 years
C) 10 to 12 years
D) 13 to 15 years
Q2) Danielle knows that she is a girl,but she becomes angry when she is told that she cannot grow up to be a father."I will,too!" she cries.According to cognitive-developmental theory,she has not yet achieved
A) gender stereotyping.
B) gender constancy.
C) gender stability.
D) an Electra complex.
Q3) Which of the following does NOT describe only children?
A) They are more mature.
B) They are more motivated to achieve.
C) They are better adjusted socially.
D) They have higher self-esteem.
Q4) Critique the psychoanalytic approach to explaining gender identity.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Florence is in bed with the flu.Florence has
A) an acute medical condition.
B) a chronic medical condition.
C) asthma.
D) diabetes.
Q2) Losses in the density of gray matter for developing children result in
A) decreased intelligence scores.
B) increased impulsivity.
C) increased attentional capabilities.
D) decreased muscle coordination.
Q3) Homeschooling is legal in ______ of the 50 United States.
A) 35
B) 40
C) 45
D) 50
Q4) What is the leading cause of death in middle childhood?
A) Injury by accident
B) Cancer
C) HIV/AIDS
D) Upper respiratory problems
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Chapter 10: Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms does Elkind use to describe a child who is expected to grow up too soon?
A) Accelerated
B) Hurried
C) Resilient
D) Maltreated
Q2) Evaluate the importance of family mealtime and provide three benefits associated with eating as a family.
Q3) Jerry,age 11,consistently talks back to both his parents and teachers.He is in and out of the principal's office at school on a weekly basis and has few,if any,close friends.According to your text,Jerry would likely be diagnosed with A) oppositional defiant disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) conduct disorder.
D) school phobia.
Q4) There are several emotional and behavioral disorders that are identified in school-age children.List two disorders and explain the symptoms of each disorder.Describe one kind of treatment technique or therapy that may be used with each of the disorders you list.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) During the adolescent period of development,serious emphasis is placed on the kind of education that students receive and the kind of educational and vocational advice they are given in order to prepare them for the world of work.Explain the effects of personal thinking patterns,such as self-efficacy and academic motivation,on educational growth.List at least two environmental factors that provide either advantages or disadvantages for academic performance.
Q2) Alan is in the longest developmental period of childhood.Alan is
A) an adolescent.
B) a toddler.
C) a preschooler.
D) in middle childhood.
Q3) Depression appears in adolescents as which behavior?
A) Irritability
B) Laziness
C) Loneliness
D) Ebullience
Q4) Discuss sexual maturity in both males and females.
Q5) Compare and contrast the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and their treatments.
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Chapter 12: Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
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Q1) _____ is the search for autonomy and differentiation.
A) Diffusion
B) Moratorium
C) Acceptance
D) Individuation
Q2) According to the text,most teen mothers,when surveyed 20 years later, A) are not on welfare.
B) have finished high school.
C) have secured steady jobs.
D) All of these
Q3) Describe the youth violence epidemic and recommendations from psychologists on how to identify the warning signs.
Q4) Involvement in cliques is most prominent in ______ adolescence.
A) early
B) middle
C) late
D) None of these
Q5) Based on evidence in your text,either support or oppose the idea that adolescence is a time of rebellion.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for
A) painful menstruation.
B) premenstrual syndrome.
C) puberty in females.
D) a digestive system failure.
Q2) Which statement about the sexuality of emerging adults is NOT true?
A) Emerging adults tend to have more sexual partners than older age groups.
B) Condoms are the most used contraceptive.
C) The double standard no longer exists with regard to sexual freedom for men and women.
D) Casual sex is fairly common, especially on college campuses.
Q3) In regards to sexual orientation,which of the following is TRUE?
A) Females reveal their homosexuality before males.
B) Males reveal their homosexuality before females.
C) Both males and females reveal their homosexuality at about the same time.
D) Most males and females reveal their homosexuality in middle adulthood.
Q4) Analyze the issues of infertility in both men and women during emerging adulthood.
Q5) Describe Gilligan's theory of moral development and how she explains the differences between male and female moral development.
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Chapter 14: Psychosocial Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,the motivational component is called
A) intimacy.
B) passion.
C) commitment.
D) intelligence.
Q2) The five-factor model of personality emphasizes
A) personality changes that occur during middle childhood.
B) five crises that adolescents and young adults experience that produce instability in personality.
C) normative influences on adaptive mechanisms in mid-life.
D) stability of personality characteristics over much of adult life.
Q3) Carly can't stop thinking about her new boyfriend Jason.According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love,Carly is experiencing
A) intimacy.
B) passion.
C) commitment.
D) hot flashes.
Q4) Discuss the three stages of recentering and how they relate to identity development.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The greatest factor in the link between stress and illness appears to be
A) inability to eat.
B) the change in heart rhythms.
C) the activation of the immune system.
D) interference with sleep.
Q2) Sarena has had a difficult time with both her family and the people at work and has experienced a considerable amount of stress.Her negative mood may have all of the following effects on her health EXCEPT
A) permanently impairing her immune system.
B) increasing her susceptibility to illness.
C) leading to aggressive behavior.
D) impairing her judgment about what can be done to improve her health.
Q3) Aaron,who is now 48 years old,has noticed that he needs to add a lot more spice to his foods to be able to really taste their flavor.According to your text,the best explanation for Aaron's observation is
A) an increase in the number of his olfactory cells.
B) a decrease in the sensitivity of his taste buds.
C) social pressure to eat spicier foods.
D) presbycusis.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Psychosocial Development in Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of an ego-resilient adult?
A) Social awkwardness
B) Feels a lack of personal meaning in life
C) A frenzied manner
D) Good sense of humor
Q2) According to identity process theory,statements such as "I am empathetic towards my friends" are part of one's
A) self-concept.
B) self-awareness.
C) identity schema.
D) role understanding.
Q3) Middle-aged people show the most adaptability in the face of separation or divorce because they
A) have greater maturity and expertise in handling problems.
B) have a longer time to get accustomed to the idea of divorce.
C) reported greater hostility in their marriages.
D) have more prospects for remarriage.
Q4) Discuss trends in life satisfaction during middle age and list two factors that promote and two factors that negatively influence satisfaction.
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ of those adults over 85 years of age have trouble seeing.
A) 10%
B) 17%
C) 50%
D) 30%
Q2) Melissa does not worry too much about eating right or exercising,because she believes those behaviors will have little impact on how she ages.According to your text,in terms of aging theories,Melissa favors
A) the genetic-programming theory.
B) the variable-rate theory.
C) Erikson's psychosocial theory.
D) None of these
Q3) Differences among individuals in the Seattle Longitudinal Study of Adult Intelligence were attributed to all of the following EXCEPT
A) their genetic endowment.
B) their physical and neurological status.
C) they had stable marriages, intelligent spouses, and cognitively complex occupations.
D) they had rigid personality styles.
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Chapter 18: Psychosocial Development in Late Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which stage is Erikson's eighth and final stage of development?
A) Integrity versus identity
B) Identity versus identity confusion
C) Integrity versus despair
D) Generativity versus isolation
Q2) Janine just lost her husband in an automobile accident.Which coping strategy is best suited to deal with this type of loss?
A) Problem-focused
B) Emotion-focused
C) Ambiguous-focused
D) None of these
Q3) Evaluate the criticisms of the concept of "successful" or "optimal" aging and its potential impact on older adults.
Q4) Men tend to be more ______ in late-life remarriages than in midlife remarriages.
A) unhappy
B) satisfied
C) resolved
D) None of these
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Chapter 19: Dealing With Death and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many of the patients in Kübler-Ross's study went through the same five stages,but
A) men's stages were different from women's.
B) not necessarily in the same sequence.
C) women had more difficulty with the stages.
D) health-care professional do not acknowledge the stages.
Q2) The U.S.Supreme Court has held that people are clearly within their constitutional rights if they
A) ask to be permanently put to sleep with heavy doses of narcotics.
B) arrange to die how they wish, as long as arrangements are in writing.
C) defy hospital rules and have family members disconnect feeding tubes.
D) request passive euthanasia.
Q3) The two groups that have the highest suicide rates in the United States are
A) whites and Native Americans.
B) Native Americans and Hispanics.
C) African Americans and Hispanics.
D) Asian Americans and African Americans.
Q4) Define terminal drop and how it relates to predicting death.
Q5) Explain the relationship among a living will,advance directive,and a medical durable power of attorney.
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