Course Introduction
Psychology of Aging Pre-Test
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The Psychology of Aging explores the cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur as individuals age. This course examines theories and scientific findings related to memory, intelligence, personality, mental health, and adaptation processes in later life. Students will analyze the biological, cultural, and environmental factors that influence aging, consider challenges such as ageism, chronic illness, dementia, and loss, and discuss coping strategies, resilience, and interventions that promote successful aging. The course prepares students to understand and support the aging population within diverse societal and cultural contexts.
Recommended Textbook Life Span Development 16th Edition by
John W Santrock
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with earlier decades,U.S.adults today are:
A)more likely to be married.
B)more likely to be childless.
C)less likely to be living alone.
D)less likely to need social relationships and support.
Answer: B
Q2) Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.
A)social
B)chronological
C)biological
D)psychological
Answer: C
Q3) Identify the term that refers to the capacity for change.
Answer: Plasticity
Q4) Identify the term that refers to the developmental issue or debate concerning whether development is influenced by biology or environment.
Answer: Nature-nurture issue
Q5) Which theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning?
Answer: B.F.Skinner
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) The nucleus of each human cell contains _____,which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
A)mitochondria
B)ribosomes
C)chromosomes
D)mesosomes
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation?
A)Uncooperative,distractible children receive more unpleasant and disciplinary action from parents and teachers.
B)Outgoing children tend to seek out social contexts in which to interact with people.
C)Parents who have a genetic predisposition to be musically inclined encourage their children to learn how to play a musical instrument.
D)Infants who smile more receive more attention from the individuals in their social environment.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Q1) Name three different types of drugs that are used during labor.Illustrate your answer with examples.
Answer: Three basic kinds of drugs that are used during labor are analgesia,anesthesia,and oxytocin/pitocin.Analgesics are used to relieve pain.Tranquilizers,barbiturates,and narcotics can all be used to relieve pain.Anesthesia is used in late first-stage labor and the expulsion of the baby to block sensation in an area of the body,or to block consciousness.An epidural block is a regional anesthetic commonly used in childbirth. Oxytocin is a synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions; pitocin is the most widely used oxytocin.
Q2) Identify the prenatal care program that consists of approximately 50 home visits from the prenatal period through two years of age.
A)The Nurse Family Partnership
B)Centering Pregnancy
C)Maxx Family Life
D)Prenatal Care Assistance Program
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) The interpretation of sensory information is called:
A)sensation.
B)reception.
C)perception.
D)transition.
Q2) Infant nighttime waking problems have consistently been linked to:
A)parental negligence with regard to sleep-related interactions with their infant.
B)extrinsic factors such as high levels of traffic noise.
C)intrinsic factors such as an alcoholic mother.
D)excessive parental involvement in sleep-related interactions with their infant.
Q3) Developmentalist Arnold Gesell proposed that motor development comes about through:
A)repeated experiences.
B)the unfolding of a genetic plan.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)a conducive environment.
Q4) Baby Tobias turns his head when his mother strokes his cheek.This reflex is called the
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) When Monica was born,she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingers around anything that brushed against her palm.After a few weeks,she showed this grasping behavior even when nothing touched her palm.Monica developed a _____ or a scheme based on a reflex that became completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.
A)habit
B)simple reflex
C)primitive symbol
D)circular reaction
Q2) Recent research has indicated which of the following regarding babies and morality?
A)Babies cannot develop a sense of morality before they can talk.
B)Sigmund Freud is correct,the superego is the holder of morality.
C)Preverbal babies as young as four months show signs of morality.
D)Babies show signs of morality as young as one year old.
Q3) At birth,infants communicate by:
A)cooing.
B)crying.
C)gestures.
D)babbling.
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Which of the following is a good example of scaffolding?
A)Child-directed speech
B)The Strange Situation
C)A game of peek-a-boo
D)Social referencing
Q2) What is the main difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and in Sweden?
A)Level of inclusion of the father in parental leave
B)Provision of low-cost child care
C)Level of inclusion of the extended family
D)Provision of developmentally appropriate child care
Q3) The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment developed by Mary Ainsworth.It requires the infant to:
A)crawl through a dark tunnel with his or her mother and a stranger waiting on the other side.
B)move through a series of introductions,separations,and reunions with his or her mother and a stranger.
C)experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present.
D)choose between his or her mother and father in a strange situation.
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development.
A)Vygotsky's
B)Erikson's
C)Sternberg's
D)Piaget's
Q2) In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children,the latter group consistently scored better.This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how:
A)the peer group plays a part in short-term memory.
B)older children rehearse the digits from the test more than younger children do.
C)elementary schools practice scaffolding.
D)memory-span tests are not always an accurate measure of short-term memory.
Q3) Identify a cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.
Q4) What are signs of vision problems in children?
Q5) Briefly state two criticisms leveled against Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development.
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Research linking corporal punishment and child behavior has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
A)higher levels of immediate compliance.
B)lower levels of mental health.
C)higher levels of moral internalization.
D)higher levels of aggression.
Q2) Lucy frequently spanks her child,enforces rigid household rules,and exhibits rage toward her child when those rules are broken.Lucy is most likely a(n):
A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.
Q3) Damian's parents fail to provide his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school.This constitutes:
A)physical abuse.
B)mental injury.
C)child neglect.
D)child inattention.
Q4) In what ways might too much screen time have a negative influence on children?
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following has been often found to be better at improving the behavior of children with ADHD?
A)A combination of stimulant medication and sedatives
B)Primarily stimulant medication
C)Primarily behavior management
D)A combination of stimulant medication and behavior management
Q2) Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of construction paper,something she could not do at age 3.What best accounts for her improving dexterity?
A)Increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe.
B)Increased myelination of the central nervous system.
C)Increased bone ossification.
D)Increased muscle development.
Q3) The worldwide increase in intelligence scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the ________ effect.
A)Binet
B)Goleman
C)Flynn
D)Wechsler
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) How does the development of self-understanding change from middle to late childhood? Illustrate your answer with examples.
Q2) More than 80 percent of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen television set is morally wrong.Yet,50 percent admitted they would buy a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught.Which of the following statements would serve as a criticism for Kohlberg's theory?
A)As people age,their moral reasoning is increasingly based on the application of standards set by others.
B)Social prohibitions are more potent than moral ones.
C)Purchasing stolen property is an accepted social convention.
D)For many people,moral thought does not predict moral behavior.
Q3) Which of the following terms refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?
A)Self-concept
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-awareness
D)Self-control
Q4) Identify the third level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.At this (the highest)level,morality is more internal.
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Q5) How do schools in low-income areas compare with those in high-income areas?
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) Katie weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for her age and height.Yet,she sees herself as too fat and starves to become thinner.Katie most likely suffers from:
A)anorexia nervosa.
B)bulimia nervosa.
C)binge eating disorder.
D)body dysmorphic disorder.
Q2) Which of the following is a more accurate vision of adolescence?
A)For most individuals,adolescence is a time of evaluation,decision making,commitment,and carving out a place in the world.
B)For most individuals,adolescence is a time of rebellion,crisis,pathology,and deviance.
C)Most adolescents have a brush with juvenile delinquency.
D)Very few adolescents contribute positively to their communities and make a successful transition through adolescence.
Q3) What are the characteristics of the formal operational stage?
Q4) What is the term used to refer to a period of rapid physical maturation,occurring primarily during adolescence,involving hormonal and bodily changes?
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The discretionary time available to U.S.adolescents is greater than that available to their counterparts in East Asia,Europe,and other industrialized countries.Analyze if this additional discretionary time is an asset or a liability for U.S.adolescents.
Q2) Analysis of the World Values Survey of 18- to 24-year-olds in less developed and more developed countries revealed that emerging adults in _____.
A)more developed countries were more likely to be religious than those in less developed countries
B)less developed countries were more likely to be religious than those in more developed countries
C)both less developed and more developed countries were equally highly religious
D)both less developed and more developed countries were not religious
Q3) The most effective way to treat adolescent depression is:
A)through antidepressant medication like Prozac.
B)not with medication,but through cognitive behavior therapy.
C)a combination of psychoanalysis and family treatment.
D)a combination of drug therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.
Q4) Is there any gender difference in the incidence of adolescent depression? What accounts for this gender difference?
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Research on the idea of the postformal stage of cognitive development has:
A)proven that formal operational thinking is qualitatively more advanced than postformal thinking.
B)found no evidence of postformal thought in young adults.
C)yet to document that postformal thought is a qualitatively more advanced stage than formal operational thought.
D)found that concrete operational thought is more advanced than postformal thought.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about bisexuality?
A)There is lack of evidence to support that bisexuality is a stable orientation which involves attraction to both sexes.
B)Women are usually more likely than men to identify themselves as bisexuals.
C)Physiological responses for bisexuals during sexual arousals vastly differ to those who are heterosexuals.
D)Bisexuality is predominantly viewed as sexual attraction to males than to females.
Q3) Identify the college programs that offer paid apprenticeships in the area of the student's academic field.
Q4) What is postformal thought like in practice?
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of John Gottman's seven main principles that determine whether a marriage will work?
A)Overcoming gridlock
B)Solving perpetual conflicts
C)Letting your partner influence you
D)Creating shared meaning
Q2) Which of the following statements about marriage around the world is NOT true?
A)Japan has a high proportion of unmarried young people.
B)Hungary encourages later marriage and a delay in childbearing.
C)In Scandinavian countries,people marry later and cohabitation is popular.
D)Japanese young adults generally live at home with their parents until marriage.
Q3) Recent research suggests that cohabiting:
A)before marriage increases marital satisfaction.
B)before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce.
C)couples have less difficulty owning property jointly.
D)couples face less disapproval from parents and other family members.
Q4) Does cohabitation influence marital satisfaction? Discuss the possible reasons for this.
Q5) Discuss the misconceptions about gay and lesbian couples.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following statements about bone density is TRUE?
A)Maximum bone density occurs in late adolescence.
B)Maximum bone density occurs by the mid- to late thirties.
C)Peak functioning of the body's joints occurs in the fifties.
D)The rate of bone density loss accelerates and then decelerates.
Q2) Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with menopause?
A)Nausea
B)Fatigue
C)Hot flashes
D)High blood sugar
Q3) _____ refers to the ability to quickly and accurately make simple discriminations in visual stimuli.
A)Spatial orientation
B)Inductive reasoning
C)Perceptual speed
D)Verbal comprehension
Q4) Describe the differences between LDL and HDL and some of the changes one can make in lifestyle to affect cholesterol levels.
Page 17
Q5) Identify the term given to age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
Q6) Identify the theorist who referred to midlife as "the afternoon of life."
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) A study by Briley,Domiteaux,and Tucker-Drob (2014)revealed that _____ was related to superior cognitive functioning and IQ across the life span.
A)agreeableness
B)openness
C)extraversion
D)neuroticism
Q2) According to the Mitchell and Helson study,conditions that distinguished the lives of women in their early fifties from those of women in other age periods included all of the following EXCEPT:
A)more "empty nests."
B)lower health.
C)higher income.
D)more concern for parents.
Q3) The researchers in the Mills College Study concluded that rather than being in a midlife crisis,the women were experiencing:
A)perimenopausal agitation.
B)midlife consciousness.
C)the empty nest syndrome.
D)generational unlearning.
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Chapter 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Calvin has just turned 90 years old.He would be considered among the:
A)young-old.
B)middle-old.
C)old-old.
D)oldest-old.
Q2) Describe shrinking of the brain in the aging process.
Q3) Evidence is increasing that _____ plays a key role in red wine's health benefits.
A)resperidol
B)rohypnol
C)resveratrol
D)rogaine
Q4) A recent meta-analysis of seven studies concluded that dietary intakes (not vitamin supplements)of vitamin E,C,and beta-carotene were linked to a reduced risk of _____ disease.
A)Alzheimer
B)kidney
C)cardiovascular
D)Parkinson
Q5) Describe the major changes in physical appearance and movement in old age.
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Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Mr.Dalton has been complaining of irregular and involuntary movement in the right part of his body.The doctors noticed that Mr.Dalton has been showing signs of slow movement and partial facial paralysis.The chronic and progressive nature of the illness was revealed in the pathological findings.Which of the following conditions does Mr.Dalton most likely suffer from?
A)Alzheimer disease
B)Multi-infarct syndrome
C)Lewy body dementia
D)Parkinson disease
Q2) What is Denise Park and Patricia Reuter-Lorenz's view on the aging brain and cognition?
Q3) Elder maltreatment is primarily carried out by:
A)family members.
B)doctors.
C)nurses.
D)home-care staff.
Q4) What is discourse? What are some of the changes in discourse that occur with aging?
Q5) What are some of the noncognitive factors that affect memory?
Q6) Briefly describe Alzheimer disease.
Page 21
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Chapter 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,individuals are motivated by two types of goals-emotional and:
A)spiritual.
B)practical.
C)relational.
D)knowledge-related.
Q2) Which of the following of Erikson's developmental stages do individuals experience in early childhood?
A)Initiative vs.guilt
B)Industry vs.inferiority
C)Identity vs.confusion
D)Intimacy vs.isolation
Q3) What are the typical effects of ageism?
Q4) In 2013,_____ percent of single,divorced,or widowed women 65 years and older lived in poverty.
Q5) What does activity theory suggest for older adults?
Page 22
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Chapter 20: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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Q1) Hospice advocates underscore that it is possible to:
A)limit the administration of pain medication and prevent addiction.
B)try new treatments for many incurable diseases.
C)find the cure for any dying individual.
D)control pain for almost any dying individual.
Q2) Which of the following is Kübler-Ross' third stage of dying?
A)Denial and isolation
B)Acceptance
C)Bargaining
D)Anger
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about the contexts in which people die?
A)For many individuals,regardless of the time left before death,the context in which they die is of hardly any importance.
B)Individuals who are facing death worry about the competency of caregivers.
C)There is a huge decline in the number of dying individuals who chose to die in the humane atmosphere of a hospice.
D)Individuals who are facing death are carefree about the availability of medical treatment if they remain at home.
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