Psychology of Aging
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Psychology of Aging explores the psychological processes and changes that occur as individuals grow older, with a focus on cognitive, emotional, and social development in later life. The course examines theories of aging, memory and intelligence in older adults, age-related psychological disorders, and the impact of physical health, retirement, and social relationships on well-being. Students will also discuss cultural perspectives on aging and consider interventions and policies that can promote positive psychological aging.
Recommended Textbook
Life Span Development 15th Edition by John W Santrock
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the "young-old" is true?
A) They are people between 60 and 65 years of age.
B) They have little potential for physical and cognitive fitness.
C) They show considerable loss in cognitive skills.
D) They can develop strategies to cope with the gains and losses of aging.
Answer: D
Q2) Life expectancy in the United States has increased by _____ years during the twentieth century.
A) 20
B) 10
C) 30
D) 50
Answer: C
Q3) Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-forties.Which of the following developmental periods are they currently in?
A) Central adulthood
B) The nesting years
C) Middle adulthood
D) Mate adulthood
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Charlie is a cooperative,attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; and he receives positive,instructive responses from adults.This is indicative of a(n):
A) passive genotype-environment correlation.
B) evocative genotype-environment correlation.
C) influential genotype-environment correlation.
D) active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation.
Answer: B
Q2) The nucleus of each human cell contains _____,which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
A) mitochondria
B) ribosomes
C) chromosomes
D) mesosomes
Answer: C
Q3) Name a prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by a syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders. Answer: Amniocentesis
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Q1) The life-support systems for the embryo include the:
A) umbilical cord,placenta,and amnion.
B) circulatory,nervous,and digestive systems.
C) digestive system,umbilical cord,and amnion.
D) nervous system,digestive system,and umbilical cord.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about the effects of marijuana exposure on one's offspring?
A) Research has concluded that marijuana use by pregnant women is associated with memory deficits in their offspring.
B) Research has indicated that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant have a higher risk of having a child who develops depression by age 10.
C) Research has shown that mothers who use marijuana while pregnant risk their offspring using marijuana by age 14.
D) Research has concluded that controlled doses of marijuana are associated with increased memory in the developing offspring.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy
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Q1) Amber knows that a dinner plate is the same object whether it is flat on the table or standing in the dish drainer.Amber has developed:
A) size constancy.
B) depth perception.
C) shape constancy.
D) color constancy.
Q2) The _____ lobes in the cerebral cortex function in vision.
A) frontal
B) parietal
C) occipital
D) temporal
Q3) Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise,she responds with a _____ reflex,where she arches her back,throws back her head,flings out her arms and legs,and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.
A) Moro
B) rooting
C) grasping
D) fencing
Q4) List the four lobes of the brain and briefly describe their functions.
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) What is child-directed speech? What are some other strategies adults use to increase infants' acquisition of language?
Q2) Shelby babbles using the sounds "ba,ba,ba" or "ch,ch,ch." These basic units of sound that our language is composed of are known as _____.
Q3) In Baillargeon's view,infants have a pre-adapted,innate bias called the principle of _____ that explains their assumption that objects do not change their properties unless some external factor obviously intervenes.
A) consistency
B) inertia
C) persistence
D) internalized representation
Q4) When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world,they shift from one stage of thought to the next.The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____.
A) equilibration
B) assimilation
C) organization
D) amalgamation
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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Q1) Which of the following is a neuropeptide hormone that is important in the formation of the maternal-infant bond?
A) Vasopressin
B) Insulin
C) Adrenaline
D) Thyroxine
Q2) In the Strange Situation,Cameron did not explore the playroom,clung to his mother when she was in the room,and was very upset when she left the room.When she returned,he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother,but pushing her away when she attempted to do so.Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being:
A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure disorganized.
Q3) List & describe the three types of temperament as classified by Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.Provide examples of how a baby with each type might respond to meeting a new person in a new situation.
Q4) What is temperament?
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true?
A) Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at the risk of being overweight at age 12.
B) There is no indication that overweight children will become overweight adults.
C) Obesity is not linked to type 2 (adult-onset)diabetes in children.
D) Obesity actually leads to decrease in hypertension levels in children when they are 5 years of age.
Q2) By the time they enter first grade,it is estimated that children know about _____ words.
A) 1,200
B) 8,000
C) 14,000
D) 5,000
Q3) Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation?
A) Conservation requires centration.
B) Centration is due to lack of conservation.
C) Centration is reflected in lack of conservation.
D) Conservation is independent of centration.
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Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) From about _____ years of age,children display heteronomous morality.
A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 10 to 12
D) 2 to 4
Q2) Which theorist suggested that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment?
Q3) Which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior,according to most child psychologists?
A) Mild spanking,calculated not to hurt the child.
B) Time out,in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement.
C) Shouting at the child just enough to get the point across.
D) Instilling rigid household rules and meting out severe corporal punishment if those rules are broken.
Q4) Which theorist stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt"?
Q5) What are some of the differences between emotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parents?
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Identify the theorist who distinguished between convergent thinking and divergent thinking.
Q2) The incidence of cancer in children has _____ in recent years.
A) been linked to obesity
B) increased dramatically
C) slightly increased
D) decreased dramatically
Q3) Which of the following statements about children and cardiovascular disease is true?
A) Cardiovascular disease is common in children.
B) There is no scientific evidence of high blood pressure in children.
C) High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease.
D) Behaviors in childhood do not affect the development of cardiovascular disease in later life.
Q4) What is the most common cause of death for children in middle childhood?
A) Motor vehicle accidents
B) Drowning
C) Cancer
D) Child abuse
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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Q1) Carol Dweck (2006)concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets,namely fixed mindset and:
A) variable mindset.
B) growth mindset.
C) open mindset.
D) apathetic mindset.
Q2) _____ is the belief that "I can"; helplessness is the belief that "I cannot".
A) Self-esteem
B) Self-awareness
C) Self-concept
D) Self-efficacy
Q3) What according to Carol Dweck is the term for a cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves?
Q4) Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is NOT true?
A) The largest number of stepfamilies is preceded by death of a spouse.
B) In stepmother families,the father usually has custody of his children.
C) In stepfather families,the mother usually has custody of her children.
D) In blended families,both parents bring children from previous marriages to the newly formed stepfamily.
Page 12
Q5) Distinguish between self-esteem and self-concept.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Q1) In the sixth grade,early-maturing girls show _____ with their figures than do late-maturing girls,but by the tenth grade late-maturing girls are more _____.
A) greater satisfaction; satisfied
B) less confidence; conflicted
C) greater preoccupation; preoccupied
D) more unhappiness; unhappy
Q2) Which of the following ethnic groups had the highest teen birth rate in 2009?
A) Non-Latina White
B) Asian American
C) Latino
D) African American
Q3) In the Berkeley Longitudinal Study some years ago,early-maturing boys perceived themselves _____ than did their late-maturing counterparts.When the late-maturing boys were in their thirties,however,they had developed a _____ than the early-maturing boys had.
A) as an anomaly; stronger feeling of inadequacy
B) more positively; stronger sense of identity
C) as misfits; a more negative self-image
D) more negatively; deeper sense of regret
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health of more than 12,000 adolescents found that those who _____ had dramatically higher rates of smoking,drinking,using marijuana,getting into fights,and initiating sexual activity.
A) did not eat dinner with a parent five or more days a week
B) did not eat dinner with a parent one or two days a week
C) ate dinner with a parent all seven days of the week
D) ate dinner with a parent five or more days a week
Q2) What determines an individual's identity status according to James Marcia?
Q3) Which of the following statements about the trend in cross-cultural gender differences in sexual expression is true?
A) Gender differences in sexual expression are minor,especially in Latin America and Southeast Asia.
B) Gender differences in sexual expression and educational opportunities appear to be narrowing over time.
C) In India,there are far more restrictions on the sexual activities of men than of women.
D) In Arab countries,both adolescent males and females encounter the same amount of restriction on sexual activities.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) According to a longitudinal study by Jerald Bachman and his colleagues,by the time individuals reach their mid-twenties,_____ their use of alcohol and drugs.
A) many would have reduced
B) most would have increased
C) almost all would have ceased
D) most would have been addicted to
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the steps toward a more creative life as identified by Csikszentmihalyi?
A) Wake up in the morning without a specific goal to look forward to.
B) When something sparks your interest,follow it.
C) Try to be surprised by something every day.
D) Try to surprise at least one person every day.
Q3) Researchers have found that male rapists share the following characteristics: aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity; they are angry at women in general; and _____.
A) they have an overwhelming need for sex.
B) they want to hurt and humiliate their victims.
C) they believe that the victim was not hurt by the rape.
D) they are generally physically strong men.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following is another name for romantic love?
A) Passionate love
B) Affectionate love
C) Companionate love
D) Consummate love
Q2) Sandra and Tom divorced after an 18-year marriage when Tom left Sandra for his colleague.Since the divorce 2 years ago,Sandra has been promoted in her job,has an active social life with her friends,and has taken up golf.However,when her friends suggest that she meet a man,Sandra tells them that she has no interest in men and that she is really quite content with her life.Sandra is a(n):
A) defeated divorcee.
B) competent loner.
C) enhancer.
D) libertine.
Q3) In which country is cohabitation virtually universal before marriage?
A) France
B) Sweden
C) United States
D) Kenya
Q4) What are some of the advantages of having children later in life?
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?
A) People today have fewer children than people in the early 1900s.
B) People today have a higher income than people in the early 1900s.
C) People today have less anxiety in their lives than people in the early 1900s.
D) People today have healthier lifestyles than people in the early 1900s.
Q2) Apart from chronological age,individuals may have all of the following age categorizations EXCEPT:
A) biological age.
B) anthropological age.
C) psychological age.
D) social age.
Q3) List four strategies that distinguish an expert from a novice.
Q4) Identify the theorist who initiated the Seattle Longitudinal Study that involves extensive evaluations of intellectual abilities in the adult years.
Q5) What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? Identify some of the risks associated with it.
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Q6) Identify the term that refers to the midlife transition,for both men and women,in which fertility declines.
Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Q1) According to Levinson,the transition from dependence to independence is marked by the:
A) realization of a goal.
B) testing of a dream.
C) free experimentation of a dream.
D) formation of a dream.
Q2) According to the Big Five factors of personality,which of the following personality supertrait describes a person as either helpful or uncooperative?
A) Conscientiousness
B) Agreeableness
C) Openness
D) Extraversion
Q3) Based on the findings of the Berkeley Longitudinal Studies,what is the major criticism against stage theories?
Q4) Critics of the daily hassles approach argue that:
A) it does not tell how individuals perceive or cope with hassles.
B) it emphasizes the male experience.
C) it does not have much impact on adult development.
D) it is culturally biased.
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Chapter 17: Physical Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) Felicia is an American between 65 and 74 years of age.Her doctor should be most concerned about her developing _____,the leading cause of death for her age group.
A) cancer
B) influenza
C) lung disease
D) cardiovascular disease
Q2) What is the chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue often causing older adults to walk with a marked stoop?
Q3) Color vision declines with age due to:
A) the yellowing of the lens of the eye.
B) a decline in the effectiveness of the cones to discriminate colors.
C) cataracts preventing certain parts of the light spectrum from entering the lens of the eye.
D) a reduction in the light entering the peripheral area of the visual field.
Q4) Which of the following areas will be less sensitive to touch in older adults?
A) Wrists
B) Ankles
C) Shoulder
D) Elbows
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Chapter 18: Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) What is the term for a potential transitional state between cognitive changes of normal aging and very early stages of Alzheimer disease and other dementias?
Q2) _____ is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
A) Mild cognitive impairment
B) Low cholesterol
C) Major depression
D) Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Q3) What is the term coined by Paul Baltes that refers to the culture-based "software programs" of the mind including such things as reading and writing skills,language comprehension,and daily life skills?
Q4) Which of the following statements about cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics is true?
A) Educational qualifications and professional skills are components of cognitive pragmatics.
B) Cognitive mechanics improves in late adulthood.
C) Decline in cognitive pragmatics may begin as soon as early midlife.
D) Knowledge about the self and life skills that help people to master or cope with life are components of cognitive mechanics.
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Chapter 19: Socioemotional Development in Late Adulthood
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Q1) According to the socioemotional selectivity theory,the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peak in:
A) middle and late adulthood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early childhood.
D) infancy.
Q2) Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation and stagnation in earlier adulthood are more likely to experience _____ in later adulthood.
A) despair
B) inferiority
C) shame and doubt
D) identity diffusion
Q3) What percentage of elderly African American women lived in poverty in 2010?
A) 65 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 31 percent
Q4) Identify the theorist who proposed the "selective optimization with compensation theory" of aging.
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Chapter 20: Death,Dying,and Grieving
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Q1) Which of the following most resembles the grieving process?
A) A year-long period of major depression
B) A roller coaster ride of emotions
C) An orderly progression of stages
D) A period of negative feelings that lasts around three months
Q2) Other than pining for the lost person,which of the following is another dimension of grief over death?
A) Depression
B) Insomnia
C) Separation anxiety
D) Death wish
Q3) Kim is having difficulty coping with the death of her 2-month-old son who appeared healthy but stopped breathing and died with no apparent reason.What was the most likely cause of the baby's death?
A) Asthma
B) SIDS
C) Respiratory distress syndrome
D) Pneumonia
Q4) Describe Kübler-Ross' first stage of dying.
Q5) Define euthanasia.Describe the two types of euthanasia.
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