Psychology of Aging
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Psychology of Aging explores the psychological processes and changes associated with aging, focusing on cognitive, emotional, and social development in later adulthood. The course examines theories of aging, age-related changes in memory and intelligence, mental health issues prevalent among older adults, and the impact of biological, social, and cultural factors on the aging experience. Students will also analyze strategies for promoting successful aging, challenges faced by the aging population, and interventions designed to improve quality of life for elderly individuals.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 2nd Edition by Robert V. Kail
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16 Chapters
2342 Verified Questions
2342 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Demonstrate and understanding of operant conditioning by differentiating between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
Answer: Positive reinforcement involves giving a reward in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring (e.g., getting dessert for eating all of your vegetables). Negative reinforcement involves taking away something unpleasant in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring (e.g., being allowed to skip the final exam if your grades throughout the term have been strong). In both cases, the goal of reinforcement is to strengthen a behavior; that is, to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. Punishment is any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. It can involve presentation of an undesirable stimulus (e.g., pain)or the removal of a desired stimulus (e.g., taking away a teenager's driving privileges).
Q2) The biopsychosocial model emphasizes that many different forces interact with each other in order to make up development.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth
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148 Verified Questions
148 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ involves mixing sperm and egg cells together in a Petri dish, and then placing several fertilized eggs inside the mother's uterus. The hope is that they will become implanted in the uterine wall and lead to pregnancy.
A) Gamete intrafallopian transfer
B) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
C) Zygote intrafallopian transfer
D) In-vitro fertilization
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following appears to be the most important in enhancing long-term outcomes for a small-for-date baby?
A) having a supportive and stimulating home environment
B) minimizing his/her exposure to environmental allergens
C) delaying vaccinations until after the child is two years of age
D) making sure that the child spends at least three weeks in an incubator
Answer: A
Q3) Steve is on a first date with Valerie, who is very enamored with his beautiful blue eyes. Steve's _______________, or the physical expression of his genetic code, may have guaranteed him a second date!
Answer: phenotype
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical,
Perceptual, and Motor Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is it that bottle-feeding a baby in developing nations has so much potential to be disastrous to the baby's health?
A) Because proper bottles and artificial nipples are not often available in such nations, and thus children can get a wide variety of gastrointestinal maladies caused by the ingestion of far too much air while eating.
B) Because formula-feeding does not promote regular schedules of feeding for babies, and this can lead to malnutrition and starvation.
C) Because the formulas made in developing countries are usually well past their "expiration date," and have been donated to those countries by manufacturers who would rather not simply dispose of the expired products.
D) Because the only water available to prepare formula is often contaminated, which can lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and even death.
Answer: D
Q2) Most one-year-old children have already developed a theory of mind.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language:
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Piagetians believe that an average child would first demonstrate the onset of intentional behavior when he or she is approximately
A) 18 hours old.
B) 8 weeks old.
C) 8 months old.
D) 18 months old.
Q2) Scott understands that when he counts his toy cars, there is one and only one number for each separate car. This demonstrates that Scott has mastered the principle of cardinality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to your authors, which of the following would promote the BEST growth of cognitive skills?
A) Once a child masters basic addition, move right to subtraction.
B) Once a child masters basic addition, move to slightly more difficult addition.
C) Once a child masters basic addition, move to multiplication.
D) Once a child masters basic addition, keep the child at that level to consolidate skills.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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148 Verified Questions
148 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The one word that best distinguishes play in which children take on special roles based on a theme from parallel play is:
A) observation
B) imagination C) together
D) cooperation
Q2) Social ____ refers to behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation.
A) anxiety
B) referencing
C) balancing
D) equilibration
Q3) The ability to experience and relate to another person's emotions is called A) sympathy.
B) empathy.
C) altruism.
D) cooperation.
Q4) Joy, anger, fear, interest, disgust, distress, sadness, and surprise are considered to be _______________ emotions.
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Chapter 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An individual's informal understanding of memory, including the ability to accurately assess memory problems and to monitor the effectiveness of their remembering strategies, is called ____.
A) metamemory
B) metacognition
C) metacognitive knowledge
D) meta-analysis
Q2) Students on school debate teams have to learn to make cogent arguments that are capable of swaying another person's opinion or position on a given topic. If those arguments were made in writing instead of verbally, they would use a knowledge-________________ strategy.
Q3) More than 100 years ago, ____ developed a theory of intelligence that suggested that there was a singular factor, called 'g', that was responsible for performance on all mental tests.
A) Charles Spearman
B) Lewis Terman
C) Howard Gardner
D) John Carroll
Q4) Compare and contrast metacognitive knowledge and metamemory.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parents tend to be more affectionate with and more punitive toward A) "middle" children.
B) first-born children.
C) their youngest child.
D) any child, almost randomly
Q2) One effective way to counter prejudice among children is through _______________, where children are exposed to people and thoughts from different groups, and are informed about the history of racism and discrimination that has occurred in their culture.
Q3) One factor that contributes to an increased likelihood that a child will be abused or neglected is _______________, because a lack of money significantly increases the stress of daily life.
Q4) Younger children tend to describe other people in terms of A) concrete features, such as behaviors.
B) abstract features, such as what they can do in the future.
C) instrumental features, such as what they can do for the child at this moment.
D) comprehensive labels that address multiple aspects of the individual's identity
Q5) _______________ of a child can include physical, sexual, or psychological abuse, as well as neglect.
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Chapter 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both working memory capacity and processing speed reach adult like levels during adolescence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which risk factor is associated with eating disorders among males?
A) uninvolved parents
B) lack of sports participation
C) high self-esteem
D) childhood obesity
Q3) Which of the following is true of adolescent cognitive skills?
A) Metacognitive skills develop after the physical changes of puberty are complete.
B) Adolescents' processing speed slows because of changes in brain structure.
C) Adolescents experience an increase in working memory but a decrease in long-term memory.
D) Adolescents are more likely than children to outline and highlight study materials.
Q4) You are the parent of twins, one male and one female, who are entering puberty. Describe to them the primary and secondary sex characteristics that they will each be acquiring over the next few years.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Moving into the Adult Social World:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The self-absorption that marks the teenage search for identity is referred to as adolescent _______________.
Q2) Adolescent-_______________ antisocial behavior refers to relatively minor criminal acts that are carried out by teenagers who are not considered to be antisocial themselves.
Q3) Research on a home-based program designed to prevent teen dating abuse found that the program was successful in ____.
A) reducing risk among teens at very high risk of perpetrating violence.
B) changing teen behavior even several years after the program
C) increasing understanding of the negative consequences of dating violence
D) decreasing acceptance of dating violence
Q4) A 17-year-old boy sentenced to death in the U.S. in 2004 was eventually executed despite the argument presented by the American Psychological Association that his relatively immature brain made him unable to fully appreciate the consequences of his act.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to Erik Erikson's theory, the primary crisis that faces adolescents is _______________.
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Chapter 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood
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147 Verified Questions
147 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The knowledge and information that you have acquired over the course of your lifetime comprises your ________________ intelligence.
Q2) Stanley has just visited his cardiologist, and he is told that it would be a very good idea if he were to lower his level of low density lipoproteins and increase his level of high density lipoproteins. Which of the following would Stanley be well advised to do to make this happen?
A) Add a stool softener to his medication combination.
B) Start taking vitamin D with "rose hips."
C) Start taking calcium supplements each night before bed.
D) Add more fiber to his diet.
Q3) Related groups of ________________ mental abilities can be clustered in to a half dozen or so broader skills, termed ________________ mental abilities.
Q4) Generally speaking, fluid intelligence tends to improve throughout adulthood, while crystallized intelligence declines during the same years.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.
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Q6) The amount of energy the body needs is called ________________.
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Chapter 11: Being With Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following individuals is the MOST LIKELY to have the most friends, both online and in real life?
A) Louanne, who does not own a computer and never uses the Internet
B) Victoria, who owns a computer and goes on the Internet once or twice a week
C) Ussain, who owns a computer and goes on the Internet for 5 to 10 minutes once or twice a day
D) Carlynne who owns a computer as well as an internet-capable smartphone, and who spends at least two or three hours a day on the Internet.
Q2) In a population of college students, ____ percent of them reported experiencing abuse in a dating relationship at some point.
A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 50
Q3) Ideally, a true love relationship will have equivalent amounts of passion, intimacy, and commitment.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Work: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Around _______________ of mothers with children under the age of six work for pay.
Q2) Job satisfaction is not a singular quality of work, but rather is a multifaceted characteristic that is affected by such factors as hope, resilience, optimism, and self-efficacy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "We have decided to promote you to the level of grade 3 manager," Tina's boss informs her. Before she can get too excited, she hears, "but because you only have a Bachelor's degree, we will not be able to promote you to grade 2 in the future. We're happy with your work, but I wanted you to know that there won't be any opportunity to advance beyond grade 3 unless you go back to school." Tina will experience career _______________ with her current employer unless she chooses to work on a Master's degree.
Q4) Which of the following individuals would be MOST LIKELY to experience job-related burnout?
A) Marvin, who works as a college librarian.
B) Ron, who performs as a magician four or five nights each week.
C) Tom, who is a pediatrician.
D) Alfred, who is a clerk at an electronics store.
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Chapter 13: Making It in Midlife: The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The individually varying time of transition from regular menstruation to menopause is called
A) perimenopause.
B) the climacteric.
C) menarche.
D) encapsulation
Q2) A major biological process during which women, usually in their mid-life years, pass from being reproductive to being non-reproductive is called the _______________.
Q3) Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) involves prescribing medication to women that provides low doses of estrogen which is often combined with ____ to counter the symptoms associated with menopause.
A) prolactin
B) testosterone
C) progestin
D) adrenaline
Q4) The stress and coping paradigm views stress as an environmental stimulus.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Being under chronic stress suppresses the _______________ system.
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Chapter 14: The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tips of chromosomes, which may play a role in the manner in which we age, are called ____.
A) telomeres
B) free radicals
C) beta-amyloids
D) neurofibrillary tangles
Q2) Currently, the average life expectancy in the United States of America is _____ for women and ____ for men.
A) 72.6; 78.1
B) 76.0; 74.0
C) 78.2; 73.6
D) 81.0; 76.2
Q3) In the research conducted by Camp and Skrajner (2004) discussed in your textbook, it was found that the patients with dementia may have the capacity to learn to be skilled group leaders. What was the most salient limitation of this research?
A) It only involved four participants.
B) It only involved European American participants.
C) It only involved female participants.
D) It only involved participants from low socioeconomic statuses.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial,
Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marcia is caring for her husband, Andrew, who suffers from advanced Alzheimer's disease. She has accepted her role as Andrew's caretaker willingly and without hesitation. How is Marcia likely to rate her satisfaction with her marriage?
A) She is likely to report that her level of marital satisfaction has not changed since her husband became ill.
B) She is likely to report very high marital satisfaction, as caring for her husband makes her feel like she is fulfilling her vow to love "in sickness and in health."
C) She is likely to report that her marriage provides her with no satisfaction at all, since she only gives and no longer receives.
D) She is likely to report lower marital satisfaction as a result of the strain of being her husband's caretaker.
Q2) Krause (2006) found that feelings of _____ are lowest in older adults who have very little religious commitment.
A) self-worth
B) anger
C) anxiety
D) spirituality
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement
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145 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bodily needs, psychological security, interpersonal attachments, and spiritual energy and hope are the four components of the ________ theory of dying. A) contextual B) structural C) interpersonal D) cultural
Q2) Many people believe that the death of one's _______________ is the worst type of loss.
Q3) According to your textbook, residents of Eastern European and Islamic countries do not view active euthanasia as favorably as Western Europeans because A) they are more democratic in their politics in those countries. B) they have a more sophisticated understanding of bioethics in those countries. C) there are more stringent laws against active euthanasia in those countries. D) they are more influenced by religious beliefs that argue against such practices.
Q4) When a person no longer has a heartbeat or spontaneous respirations, the criteria for _______________ death have been satisfied.
Q5) Death _______________ refers to people's worries or fears of death and dying.
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