Psychology of Adjustment Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology of Adjustment explores the processes by which individuals cope with the challenges and demands of everyday life. This course examines theories and research related to personal growth, stress and coping mechanisms, self-concept, interpersonal relationships, mental health, and adaptive behavior. Emphasis is placed on understanding practical strategies for managing change, achieving emotional well-being, resolving conflicts, and developing resilience. Through self-assessment, case studies, and applied exercises, students gain insights into effective adjustment skills that foster personal development and psychological balance.
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Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by
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Page 2
Randy Larsen
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of personality disorders falls within the _____ domain of knowledge about human nature.
A)biological
B)social and cultural
C)adjustment
D)intrapsychic
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is an example of idiographic research?
A)Comparing men and women on emotionality
B)Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability
C)Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality
D)Conducting a field study of helping behaviors
Answer: C
Q3) When different theoretical perspectives appear incompatible on the surface,one can conclude that:
A)the most recent perspectives are the most accurate.
B)the historical perspectives are the most accurate.
C)none of the perspectives is correct.
D)the contradictions may be more apparent than real.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Q1) In the context of physiological measures,psychologist Christopher Patrick found that when most people look at anxiety-producing photographs,_____.
A)their startle reflex is no different than usual
B)their startle reflex is faster than usual
C)their startle reflex is slower than usual
D)they cannot be startled
Answer: B
Q2) Naturalistic observation occurs:
A)only when a person does not know that he or she is being observed.
B)when people are observed in the normal course of their daily lives.
C)when people are observed in a natural setting like a forest,a beach,or a desert.
D)only when humans provide personality ratings.
Answer: B
Q3) Triangulation refers to:
A)assessing personality traits in a geometric space.
B)a statistical technique that compares three traits.
C)a procedure that examines results that transcend data sources.
D)a method for plotting personality profiles.
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Q1) According to Norman's markers for the Big Five,a person who is responsible and tidy would score high on the trait of:
A)surgency.
B)agreeableness.
C)conscientiousness.
D)emotional stability.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is a limitation of the Wiggins circumplex model?
A)It fails to alert investigators to gaps in investigations of interpersonal behavior.
B)The interpersonal map provided by this model is restricted to two dimensions.
C)It is not able to specify the relationships between each trait and every other trait within the model.
D)The definition of interpersonal behavior provided by this model is not explicit and precise.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Q1) Marvin,a psychologist,conducts a study in which participants are required to answer 50 questions pertaining to their general likes and dislikes.Roger,a boxer,loves watching cartoon movies and responds accordingly in the questionnaire.Marvin assumes that Roger pretends to like such movies and excludes Roger's data from his analysis.This scenario best exemplifies:
A)inter-rater reliability.
B)discriminant validity.
C)a false negative.
D)the third variable problem.
Q2) Trait psychologists are primarily interested in:
A)determining the ways in which people are different from each other.
B)determining the ways in which human nature works.
C)understanding the uniqueness of each individual.
D)understanding the general laws of human behavior.
Q3) Walter Mischel has pointed out that personality psychologists are NOT very good at predicting:
A)the effect of important situations on most individuals.
B)how an individual will behave in particular situations.
C)how personality traits direct individuals to specific situations.
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D)the effect of personality test scores on an individual.
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Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) In the context of mean level stability and change in adulthood,according to Robins et al.(2001),students show _____ in neuroticism from freshman to senior years in college.
A)an increase
B)a decrease
C)significant stability
D)significant fluctuation
Q2) In the context of changes in self-esteem from adolescence to adulthood,as a whole,_____ tend to show an increasing gap between their current self-conceptions and their ideal selves and _____ tend to show a smaller discrepancy between their real and ideal selves over the same time period.
A)males;females
B)females;males
C)irritable persons;calm persons
D)calm persons;irritable persons
Q3) Sensation seeking tends to decrease with age;this exemplifies:
A)mean level change.
B)mean level stability.
C)rank order stability.
D)rank order instability.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Q1) Sharon scores high on the sensation seeking scale.She likes skydiving and bungee jumping.Sharon exposes herself to risky environments because of _____ genotype-environment correlation.
A)reactive
B)aggressive
C)active
D)evocative
Q2) Combining the strengths of adoption and twin studies:
A)is not appropriate in behavior genetics studies.
B)provides one of the most powerful behavioral genetic designs.
C)requires selective breeding over many generations of laboratory animals.
D)provides an error-free estimate of heritability for behavioral genetic studies.
Q3) The idea that one can design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and by discouraging the reproduction of persons without those traits is called:
A)eugenics.
B)molecular genetics.
C)selective placement.
D)heritability.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Q1) According to Cloninger's tridimensional personality model,the trait of novelty seeking is _____.
A)based on low levels of norepinephrine
B)associated with abnormalities in serotonin metabolism
C)based on low levels of dopamine
D)associated with high levels of monoamine oxidase
Q2) A study discussed in the text showed that roommates who scored similarly on the trait of _____ liked each other more than roommates who were mismatched on this trait.
A)extraversion
B)anxiety
C)morningness-eveningness
D)achievement motivation
Q3) According to Zuckerman's (1991a)theory and research,sensation-seeking behaviors are due to _____.
A)seeking an optimal level of arousal
B)having little of the biochemical brakes in a synapse
C)having high levels of monoamine oxidase (MAO)
D)the nervous system being able to control the muscles,thoughts,and emotions
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of a characteristic that is NOT necessarily adaptive in modern environments?
A)Social anxiety
B)Xenophobia
C)Sexual selection
D)Sexual desire
Q2) Traits that lead to mating benefits rather than survival benefits are probably:
A)a result of sexual selection.
B)a result of survival selection.
C)the byproducts of adaptation.
D)random variations.
Q3) Competition that tends to be very intense among individuals using the same strategy may lead to the development of:
A)adaptive self-assessments.
B)frequency-dependent alternative strategies.
C)double-shot hypotheses.
D)variant competitive strategies.
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Q1) Sigmund Freud lived most of his life in:
A)London.
B)Munich.
C)Vienna.
D)New York.
Q2) According to Sigmund Freud,the _____ mind is the part of the mind that contains unacceptable information that can be brought into awareness only with great effort.
A)conscious
B)preconscious
C)unconscious
D)metacognitive
Q3) During the _____ stage,a child receives pleasure from expelling or retaining feces.
A)oral
B)anal
C)phallic
D)latency
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11
Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) _____ refer to differences in culturally ascribed roles and traits that we view as masculine or feminine.
A)Sex differences
B)Gender differences
C)Confirmatory biases
D)Self-serving biases
Q2) According to ego psychology,which of the following is seen as the primary function of the ego?
A)Responding to the demands of the id
B)Establishing a secure identity
C)Shifting focus from the id to the superego
D)Upholding social values and ideals
Q3) A professor enters a classroom with poorly written notes and teaches with little interest.From Erik Erikson's perspective,this professor is not progressing very well through the _____ stage of development.
A)autonomy versus shame and doubt
B)generativity versus stagnation
C)integrity versus despair
D)identity versus role confusion
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Q1) The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed:
A)integration.
B)apperception.
C)self-actualization.
D)motivation.
Q2) The humanistic tradition is most associated with the:
A)motive to self-actualize.
B)need for power (nPow).
C)need for intimacy (nInt).
D)need for achievement (nAch).
Q3) Which of the following is a growth-based motive?
A)Power
B)Achievement
C)Intimacy
D)Self-actualization
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who score high on _____ rate their personal projects as stressful and difficult.
A)psychoticism
B)conscientiousness
C)neuroticism
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) Individuals who blame themselves and their own lack of skills for their poor grades most likely have a(n)_____ explanatory style.
A)internal
B)external
C)stable
D)unstable
Q3) A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n):
A)internal locus of control.
B)external locus of control.
C)supernatural explanatory style.
D)naturalistic explanatory style.
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14
Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Q1) Diener and colleagues (1995)found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States.
A)0.0
B)+ .12
C)+ .32
D)+ .02
Q2) Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the:
A)hippocampus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)anterior cingulate.
D)prefrontal cortex.
Q3) The emotion Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in:
A)emotional reactivity.
B)attention biases.
C)physical symptoms.
D)affect intensity.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Q1) A person who is unable to do well in an exam:
A)feels bad if doing well in the exam was a part of his or her self-concept.
B)feels bad if he or she has low self-esteem.
C)feels bad if he or she has high self-esteem.
D)most likely begins to self-handicap.
Q2) People who experience discomfort related to social interactions score:
A)high on measures of self-esteem.
B)low on measures of self-esteem.
C)high on measures of social anxiety.
D)low on measures of social anxiety.
Q3) Gender and ethnicity are necessarily a component of one's:
A)self-concept.
B)self-esteem.
C)social identity.
D)None of the answers is correct.
Q4) Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as:
A)social comparison.
B)perspective taking.
C)objective self-awareness.
D)self-conceptualization.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who score high on Machiavellianism are more likely to pursue a:
A)tit-for-tat strategy.
B)short-term social strategy.
C)long-term social strategy.
D)reciprocal strategy.
Q2) Research on sex differences in tactics of manipulation has found that:
A)women are more likely to use the self-abasement tactic.
B)men are more likely to use the hardball tactic.
C)women are more likely to use the reason tactiC.
D)men and women use the different tactics almost equally.
Q3) The complementary needs theory states that individuals are attracted to those who:
A)have different personality dispositions than they have.
B)fulfill their needs for being complimented and flattered.
C)have personality characteristics similar to their own.
D)have characteristics that are related to marital satisfaction.
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Chapter 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the largest differences in sexuality between men and women is found in their interest in:
A)sex.
B)casual sex.
C)specific sex acts.
D)safe sex.
Q2) People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of agreeableness tend to:
A)lack intelligence.
B)have empathy for others.
C)have a poor grasp of reality.
D)be psychologically fragile.
Q3) Research on sex discrimination has found that:
A)discrimination always favors men.
B)women are quoted higher prices than men for exactly the same car.
C)women are more likely to be recommended for coronary bypass surgery.
D)women authors are more likely to get negative reviews.
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18
Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Q1) In the context of cultural universals,Margaret Mead purported to discover cultures in which _____.
A)individuals created mental images of desired objects to satisfy their needs
B)sex roles were reversed and sexual jealousy was entirely absent
C)adolescents assumed stressful adult responsibilities
D)unacceptable sexual instincts were channeled into socially desired activities
Q2) The cultural task of _____ involves how you are affiliated with,attached to,or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member.
A)independence
B)interdependence
C)individualism
D)collectivism
Q3) Which of the following is probably NOT a good candidate for cultural universals?
A)Incest avoidance
B)Facial expressions of basic emotions
C)Division of labor by sex
D)Prohibition against spousal abuse
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Chapter 18: Stress,Coping,Adjustment,and Health
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Q1) Which of the following models of the personality-illness connection suggests that associations exist between personality and illness because of a third variable,which is causing them both?
A)The health behavior model
B)The interactional model
C)The transactional model
D)The predisposition model
Q2) In the context of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)as proposed by Hans Selye,which of the following is a characteristic of the resistance stage?
A)The immediate fight-or-flight response persists.
B)Resisting stress requires little effort and energy.
C)Bodily resources are used at an above average rate.
D)A person becomes most susceptible to illness and disease.
Q3) The _____ technique for measuring attributional style was developed by Chris Peterson and his colleagues.
A)Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE)
B)Attributional Analysis (AA)
C)Attribution Vocabulary (AV)
D)Peterson Attributional Analysis of Vocabulary (PAAV)
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) Which of the following terms best illustrates the fact that although a behavior pattern successfully solves one problem for a person,it may create or maintain another equally or more severe problem?
A)The neurotic paradox
B)The directionality problem
C)The false consensus effect
D)The optimistic bias
Q2) Adolescents who experiment with different identities:
A)do not necessarily have a personality disorder.
B)most likely have narcissistic personality disorder.
C)most likely have borderline personality disorder.
D)most likely have histrionic personality disorder.
Q3) Kim has an extremely strong sense of entitlement.She believes that she is the most important supervisor in her firm and expects others to constantly praise and admire her.Kim most likely has _____ personality disorder.
A)histrionic
B)narcissistic
C)schizoid
D)dependent
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) Zeba,a personality psychologist,focuses on the interaction of persons and situations.She is of the opinion that each person has a distinct psychological signature in terms of specific "if ...then ..." relationships.Also,she has found that two people who score high on the same personality trait usually have different situations triggering this aspect of their personality.In the context of the domains of knowledge,Zeba is most likely working in the _____.
A)biological domain
B)dispositional domain
C)social and cultural domain
D)cognitive/experiential domain
Q2) Major questions for psychologists working in the dispositional domain include all of the following EXCEPT:
A)How many personality traits exist?
B)How do personality traits develop?
C)How do personality traits interact with situations to produce behaviors?
D)Are the major personality traits of human personality moderately heritable?
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