Psychology of Addictive Behaviour
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
The Psychology of Addictive Behaviour explores the psychological mechanisms underlying the development, maintenance, and treatment of addictive behaviors such as substance abuse, gambling, and technology addiction. This course examines various theoretical models including biological, cognitive, and sociocultural perspectives and considers how factors like personality, stress, and environment contribute to addiction. Students will analyze the psychological effects of addiction on individuals and communities, review evidence-based interventions, and discuss prevention strategies, relapse, and recovery processes. The course integrates current research and case studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of addiction from a psychological standpoint.
Recommended Textbook
Drugs Behaviour and Society 2nd Canadian Edition by Carl L Hart Dr
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Drug Use: An Overview
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Q1) Personality may have some predictive value by indicating whether someone does which of the following?
A) Experiments with drugs.
B) Abstains from drug use.
C) Uses drugs socially.
D) Develops an addiction.
Answer: D
Q2) The media in the 1990s shone a light on children in Davis Inlet, which brought about worldwide attention. Identify and describe the alarming facts revealed at that time?
Answer: Davis Inlet, which was located 15 kilometres south of Natuashish, revealed serious occurrences of gas inhalation among children. Solvent use, involving the inhalation of volatile substances such as gasoline, glue, and cleaning products, has been increasingly reported in isolated Aboriginal communities. A survey carried out of reserves in Canada reported that most youth who have tried solvents did so by the time they were 11 years old. Most (43%) said they tried it only once, followed by social users (38%), and chronic users (19%).
Q3) Which three demographics have been used when analyzing the "who uses drugs?"
Answer: Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Level of Education.
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Chapter 2: Drug Use As a Social Problem
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Q1) As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, what is now believed to be the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use?
A) Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement.
B) Physical dependence, caused by tolerance.
C) An allergic reaction to the substance.
D) Unmet psychological needs in early childhood.
Answer: A
Q2) What do the letters DAWN stand for, when was it established and what does it do?
Answer: The Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), was established in 1972 and collects data on drug-related emergency room visits from hospital emergency departments in major metropolitan areas around the United States.
Q3) The term "laissez-faire" refers to the tendency of news media to sensationalize drug problems.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) What does the word toxic mean?
Answer: It means, "poisonous, deadly, or dangerous."
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Drug Policy
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Q1) Under the CSDA, the possession of less than 30 grams of cannabis or 1 gram of cannabis resin, would result in which of the following?
A) A summary conviction
B) An indictable offence
C) An indictable offence or a summary conviction
D) A criminal offence
Answer: A
Q2) Beginning in which year in Canada did all natural products with associated claims of health benefits became subject to the regulations of the NHPD?
A) 1984
B) 1994
C) 2004
D) 2014
Answer: C
Q3) What was one of the primary changes resulting from the enactment of Bill C-10?
Answer: It was an omnibus Bill that included amendments to Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances. With the Royal Assent for Bill S-10 mandatory minimum jail sentences for marijuana offences became law Act (CDSA).
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Chapter 4: The Nervous System
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Q1) One of the main ways drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems is by cutting off blood flow to a specific brain structure.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Drugs can affect neurotransmitter systems in two main ways: either by altering the availability of the neurotransmitter in the synapse, or by doing which of the following?
A) Acting on the blood-brain barrier.
B) Altering hormone levels.
C) Acting directly on the receptors.
D) Increasing blood pressure.
Q3) All of the following describe what is known regarding the idea that glia "outnumber neurons by as much as 50 to one", EXCEPT which one?
A) It was reported by Eric Kandel.
B) This fact appears in the widely used textbook The Principles of Neural Science.
C) This fact has been recently challenged.
D) This fact has been reported in the popular press.
Q4) Describe endorphins.
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Chapter 5: The Actions of Drugs
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Q1) Occasionally, the repeated use of a drug leads to pharmacodynamic tolerance, which is based on which of the following?
A) Altered liver function.
B) Learning.
C) Reduced sensitivity of neurons.
D) Slower metabolism.
Q2) If you want to rapidly get very high concentrations of a drug to the brain, which route of administration would you probably use?
A) Oral
B) Subcutaneous
C) Topical
D) Intravenous
Q3) The most common way for drug molecules to be deactivated is by which of the following?
A) CYP450 enzymes in the liver
B) Protein binding
C) Elimination through the bowel
D) Reuptake
Q4) Describe the brand name.
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Chapter 6: Stimulants
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Q1) Cocaine is still legally available for use in nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgery.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Snorting cocaine is the most common route by which the drug is used recreationally.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Benzedrine is still the most common drug used in treating ADHD.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Cocaine is derived from which plant?
A) Erythroxylon coca
B) Camellia sinensis
C) Papaver somniferum
D) Ma huang
Q5) Karl Koller found cocaine to provide anesthesia sufficient to allow amputation surgeries to proceed without the perception of pain.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Other Depressants and Inhalants
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Q1) Discuss the use of medications as hypnotics (sleeping pills). What types of drugs are used, and what are some of the concerns associated with the use of sleeping pills?
Q2) When taken alone, approximately what is the usual recreational dose of GHB?
A) 10-20 milligrams
B) 100 micrograms
C) 1-5 grams
D) 100-200 grams
Q3) What household product contains nitrous oxide?
A) Fuel gas
B) Hair spray
C) Spray paint
D) Whipping cream dispensers
Q4) When prescribing a barbiturate (sleeping pill), what would physicians usually choose?
A) Higher dose of a short-acting drug
B) Lower dose of a long-acting drug
C) Higher dose of a long-acting drug
D) Lower dose of a short-acting drug
Q5) Describe the first Rape Victim Story that was reported in the public in the USA.
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Chapter 8: Psychotherapeutic Drugs: Medication for Mental Disorders
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Q1) How would mental illness rank as a cause of human disability and premature death in Canada?
A) First
B) Second
C) Third
D) Fourth
Q2) If you are a Canadian suffering with an addiction, what is the likelihood you will also be diagnosed with a mental health problem?
A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%
Q3) Explain the danger associated with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors.
Q4) What is a common side effect linked with the older antipsychotics, but less common with the newer ones?
A) Pseudoparkinsonism
B) Positive symptoms
C) A lag period
D) MAO inhibition
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Chapter 9: Alcohol
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Q1) Hangover-prevention products sold on TV and over the Internet are actually pretty effective if they contain activated charcoal.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In which year was the awareness of Fetal alcohol syndrome noted?
A) In an 1834 report to the British Parliament
B) In a 1902 report to the United States health council
C) In a 1950 report to the World Health Organization (WHO)
D) In a 1955 report to the Canadian Health Council
Q3) What are "Blush" wines, like white zinfandel, made from?
A) Pink grapes
B) White grapes, with artificial colouring added
C) White grapes with a few red grapes added for the colour
D) Red grapes, but the grape skins are removed after a short while
Q4) Which population is most at risk of binge drinking, and what amount of alcohol would classify as a binge?
Q5) Describe the alcohol withdrawal (abstinence) syndrome.
Q6) The most significant date-rape drug is and always has been alcohol.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Tobacco
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Q1) Describe what cigar manufacturers did during the transition from chewing to smoking cigarettes.
Q2) In 2007, Health Canada approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. What was the drug?
A) Diazepam (Valium).
B) Olanzepine (Zyprexa).
C) Varenicline (Champix).
D) Xanthine (Theophil).
Q3) Ambien (zolpidem) has recently been approved by the FDA for use in smoking cessation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following can be credited for the first printed report of tobacco smoking?
A) Christopher Columbus
B) A monk who had accompanied Columbus on his journey
C) Catherine de Medici French physician Jean Nicot
D) Sir Anthony Chute
Q5) Identify four common misconceptions surrounding hookah use.
Q6) Who wrote the book Smoke and Mirrors, and what was its focus?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Caffeine
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Q1) Which of the following describes coffee's legendary discovery?
A) An Aztec warrior was preparing for battle.
B) A volcano roasting the beans.
C) Kaldi and his dancing goats.
D) Romans seeking a cure for hangovers.
Q2) The xanthine found in tea that is prescribed for asthma is called robusta.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A 12-oz. Mountain Dew in Canada contains more caffeine than a Coca-Cola Classic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe how the Stamp Act of 1765 and the later Trade and Revenue Act of 1767 triggered a revolution and changed the consumption patterns of tea and coffee in the United States and England.
Q5) What is one important determinant of the behavioural effects of caffeine?
A) Whether it is consumed in a pill or as coffee
B) Whether the person is a regular user
C) Whether the temperature of the beverage is hot or cold
D) The acidity level of the coffee
Q6) Describe the role coffee plays in helping a drinker to sober up.
Page 13
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Q1) Which of the following describes the most commonly known way a cold virus is usually caught?
A) When you have become chilled
B) When someone sneezes near you
C) By being picked up on the hands and touching your eyes or nose
D) By transfer through saliva
Q2) Who maintains the Canada's National Drug Scheduling System, and how many schedules are there in Canada?
Q3) Often, no scientific evidence exists for an NHP.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What occurred as a result of the Vioxx Controversy?
Q5) Aspirin should not be used with children who have a viral infection because of which increased risk?
A) Heart damage
B) Kidney damage
C) Spreading the infection
D) Reye's syndrome
Q7) What occurred in Canada in 2002 regarding the drug ephedra and why? Page 14
Q6) What do the medicinal ingredients approved for OTC sleep aids include?
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Opioids
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Q1) Which of the following was associated with more than 100 deaths in Alberta alone in 2014?
A) Illegal codeine
B) Illegal fentanyl
C) Illegal methadone
D) Illegal pentazocine
Q2) Approximately when and by whom was opium first reported to be used as a medicine?
A) The British, around 1600 AD.
B) The Portuguese explorers, around 1400 AD.
C) The Egyptians, around 1500 BC.
D) The Romans, around 600 AD.
Q3) What is the most common form of heroin use by male users?
A) Burning
B) Huffing
C) Snorting
D) Injecting
Q4) Seizures of drugs are an excellent way to measure drug use trends.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Hallucinogens
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Q1) What is the mandrake plant, and what has it been associated with?
Q2) LSD and psilocybin are examples of catechol hallucinogens.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define the meaning of the term psychotomimetic drugs.
Q4) What are Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis?
A) Plants containing mescaline
B) Hallucinogenic mushrooms
C) Anticholinergics
D) Poisonous fungi
Q5) Amanita muscaria is a red and white speckled mushroom that has been used widely in various religions throughout the world.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is the anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible?
A) Aeyote
B) Ayahuasca
C) Mandrake
D) Bufotenin
17
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Chapter 15: Cannabis
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Q1) Laboratory studies have not been able to document impaired driving performance after smoking marijuana.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Where is the primary psychoactive agent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) located?
Q3) THC is suggested as a useful drug in treating all of the following EXCEPT which condition?
A) AIDS-related anorexia
B) Neuropathic pain related to MS
C) CINV
D) Epilepsy
Q4) What major behavioural problem has been seen in acute marijuana intoxication?
A) Amotivational syndrome
B) Panic reactions
C) Anger and violence
D) Blackouts
Q5) Panic reactions can be a common reaction in marijuana smokers.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
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Q1) What is the role of amino acids in the human body?
Q2) In the National Football League, use of both amphetamines and steroids by players was banned in 1971.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, referred to as what type of drug?
A) Androgenic
B) Pharmacokinetic
C) Ergogenic
D) Tachyphylactic
Q4) Creatine has been shown to actually be a "fat burner."
A)True
B)False
Q5) One concern about the use of high doses of steroids is increased aggressiveness, known as "roid rage."
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the development and current state of International Drug Testing.
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Preventing Substance Abuse
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Q1) If efforts are made to prevent drug-taking behaviour from occurring when it has NOT yet happened then what type of strategy is being used?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Sophisticated prevention
D) Tertiary prevention
Q2) In the early 1970s, why was the Knowledge-Attitudes-Behaviour model questioned?
A) Drug users didn't care much what people thought about them
B) Students with more knowledge about drugs had a more positive attitude toward drugs
C) Drug-using behaviour is unrelated to attitudes about drug use
D) It was more effective just to use scare tactics
Q3) Compared to families, fewer prevention programs have been based on using parent and community influences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the 1960s socially realities and the educational strategies of the day, which eventually lead to the 1970s implementation of The Knowledge-Attitudes-Behaviour Model.
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Chapter 18: Treating Substance Abuse and Dependence
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Q1) The main focus of the Alcoholics Anonymous approach to alcohol dependence is prayer and reliance on God.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Besides methadone, what is the recently approved substitute medication for maintaining opioid-dependent patients?
A) Antabuse
B) Buprenorphine
C) Zolpidem
D) Olanzepine
Q3) The federal government provides direct funding for treatment and rehabilitation of members of all the following groups EXCEPT which one?
A) Members of the Canadian Armed Forces
B) Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
C) Off reserve First Nations Peoples and Inuit
D) Persons serving a term in a federal penitentiary
Q4) When referring to the stages of change describe what occurs in the decision stage.
Q5) Define the term concurrent disorder.
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