Psychology for Majors and Non-Majors
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, designed for both psychology majors and non-majors interested in understanding the principles underlying psychological phenomena. Topics include biological foundations of behavior, sensation and perception, learning and memory, development across the lifespan, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social psychology. Emphasizing critical thinking and practical applications, the course explores how psychological concepts can be applied in everyday life and various professional fields, while also laying the groundwork for more advanced study for those pursuing a psychology degree.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 6th Edition by James S. Nairne
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16 Chapters
5113 Verified Questions
5113 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
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255 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Gephardt believes that it is not possible to fully understand vision using only the summation of sensory experiences.Instead, Dr.Gephardt believes we must also understand the purpose vision plays in survival and adaptation.This view is most consistent with the:
A)functionalist approach to psychology
B)structuralist approach to psychology
C)behavioral approach to psychology
D)nativist approach to psychology
Answer: A
Q2) In the 18 century, the German philosopher ____________________ proposed that human beings are born with certain mental structures, such as an understanding of cause-and-effect.
Answer: Immanuel Kant
Q3) Freud developed psychoanalysis, a method in which clients must come to understand how their memories and mental processes lead to problem behaviors, a method often referred to as ____________________ therapy.
Answer: insight
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Chapter 2: The Tools of Psychological Research
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328 Verified Questions
328 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an observer attempts to become a part of the activities being studied in order to blend into the group, the observer is performing ____________________.
Answer: participant observation
Q2) In research, psychologists typically use ____________________, which define concepts specifically in terms of how those concepts can be measured.
Answer: operational definitions
Q3) It is important to repeat observations in a variety of settings to be certain the:
A)results generalize
B)placebo effect has occurred
C)correlation was accurate
D)participant observation effect took place
Answer: A
Q4) Which of the following is part of scientific method?
A)systematic introspection
B)detect regularities
C)statistical reasoning
D)clairvoyance
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Biological Processes
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328 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The motor cortex is located in within the frontal lobe of the brain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Darnell was a monkey who was extremely aggressive and often flew into uncontrollable rages.Brain researchers lesioned portions of Darnell's forebrain, and he became extremely passive and docile.Based on what is known about the functions of structures within the forebrain, you should conclude that these researchers most likely lesioned portions of Darnell's:
A)occipital lobe
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)substantia nigra
Answer: B
Q3) Medications used to treat depression, such as Prozac, are believed to modulate the effectiveness of ____________________ in the brain.
Answer: serotonin
Q4) Some drugs, called ____________________, mimic the action of neurotransmitters.
Answer: agonists
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Chapter 4: Human Development
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330 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify Kohlberg's three levels of moral development and discuss how children reason about moral dilemmas at each stage.
Q2) Tom rarely acts nervous in strange situations and pays little attention to his mother's presence or absence.Tom would most likely be classified as having:
A)secure attachment
B)avoidant attachment
C)resistant attachment
D)disorganized/disoriented attachment
Q3) Imagine Baby P received two X chromosomes at the time of conception.Near the 7 or 8 week of the pregnancy, Baby P will:
A)begin to secrete testosterone and develop a male reproductive system
B)begin to secrete estrogen and develop a male reproductive system
C)begin to secrete estrogen and develop a female reproductive system
D)not secrete any hormones and develop a female reproductive system
Q4) Most contemporary developmental psychologists agree with Piaget that cognitive development involves a series of stages.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stereoscopes, 3-D movies, and stereograms all create illusions of depth by relying on the perceptual principle of:
A)convergence
B)motion parallax
C)retinal disparity
D)texture gradient
Q2) When one uses knowledge of the world to generate expectations about what one is perceiving, one is using:
A)bottom-up processing
B)sound localization
C)top-down processing
D)opponent processing
Q3) According to the Ewald Herings's alternative view of color vision, which is called ____________________ theory, there are receptors in the visual system that respond positively to one color type and negatively to another.
Q4) Describe the three main physical properties of light and discuss the psychological perceptions that are linked to each of these physical properties.
Q5) The ____________________ membrane is another term for the eardrum.
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Chapter 6: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cell phone use while driving induces a state of:
A)focused attention
B)automaticity
C)inattention blindness
D)consciousness
Q2) A driver is going down the road speaking on a cell phone.You could predict the person's:
A)driving will improve
B)chances of being in an accident will be similar to driving while intoxicated
C)driving will be unaffected
D)chances of being in an accident will be similar to the average
Q3) Phillip's doctor prescribed a strong opiate to dull the severe back pain Phillip suffered after an accident.When he stopped taking the drug, Phillip suffered from nausea and chills.These were symptoms of:
A)tolerance
B)habituation
C)dishabituation
D)withdrawal
Q4) The ____________________ hypothesis suggests dreaming is a consequence of random activity in the brain.
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Chapter 7: Learning From Experience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wayne was really irritated by his hockey jersey, and finally taped the right corner inside his hockey pants so it wouldn't get in the way of his slap shot.On his very next shift, he scored a goal on his first try.Now he tapes his jersey inside his hockey pants at the start of every game, and about 30% of his shots score goals.Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that Wayne's behavior best illustrates the concept known as:
A)successive approximations
B)adventitious reinforcement
C)classical conditioning
D)the Premack principle
Q2) In classical conditioning, the loss of responding that results from the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus is referred to as:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)conditioned inhibition
C)extinction
D)second-order conditioning
Q3) In a variable-ratio schedule, a response will only be reinforced after a(n) ____________________ number of responses have been made.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Memory
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328 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) People tend to show a(n) ____________________ effect in memory, as they tend to remember items at the beginning of a list better than items in the middle or at the end of a list.
Q2) Miriam is in her 90s and is preparing to write her autobiography.A friend who is a psychologist told her about the reminiscence bump.Based on this information, Miriam is expecting which of the following to occur as she sets out to write her book?
A)She will recall her childhood best.
B)She will recall the last 10 years of her life best.
C)She will recall her teens and 20s the best.
D)Her best memory will be the part of her life that she enjoyed the most.
Q3) Mental imagery tends to create a distinctive memory record because imagery:
A)prevents one from using discriminative processing
B)forces one to use discriminative processing
C)prevents one from thinking about the details of the material
D)forces one to think about the details of the material
Q4) Explain the concept of the encoding-retrieval match, and how it explains why remembering information is often context dependent.Provide a concrete example.
Q5) The term ____________________ memory is used to refer to visual sensory memory.
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Chapter 9: Language and Thought
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325 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rylee's algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems.He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure.Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experience:
A)overregularization in his problem solving
B)mental set in his problem solving
C)functional fixedness in his problem solving
D)the benefits of problem-solving heuristics
Q2) Corey is using the ____________________ categorization method because he only classifies an animal as a bird if it sings, flies, and builds a nest.
Q3) The adaptive value of heuristics is that they:
A)always produce rational, highly accurate decisions
B)allow reasonable, quick decisions from limited facts
C)keep decision-making objective and fact oriented
D)provide step-by-step instructions that reduce cognitive demands
Q4) A child who produces a(n) ____________________ might say "wented" as the past tense of the verb "to go."
Q5) What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis and what research findings support the concept?
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Chapter 10: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the IQ formula developed by Lewis Terman, an individual with the same mental age and chronological age would have:
A)an IQ greater than 100
B)an IQ less than 100
C)an IQ equal to 100
D)difficulty in most school subjects
Q2) Based on follow-up research that has investigated the "Mozart effect," you should predict that exam performance may improve if students:
A)write exams in rooms that are absolutely quiet
B)listen to low-volume white noise while they write exams
C)listen to something they enjoy (not necessarily Mozart) while they write exams
D)listen to something that makes them sad while they write exams
Q3) Problem solving, reasoning, and memory skills that are not greatly influenced by experience are part of:
A)fluid intelligence
B)crystallized intelligence
C)interpersonal intelligence
D)practical intelligence
Q4) What is tacit knowledge and what has research shown regarding it?
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Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Moira and Ardon have been working for the same accounting firm for the past 8 years.Moira expects to be offered a partnership when the firm has its next year-end meeting.Ardon does not expect that he will be offered a partnership.At the annual meeting, the managing partners announce that no new partnership is being offered.Based on the psychological research into anger, you should predict that:
A)Ardon is more likely to be angry at the announcement, because men show more negative emotions than women do
B)Moira and Ardon will be equally angry at the announcement, because they were both denied a partnership
C)neither Moira nor Ardon will be angry at the announcement, but they will both experience sadness and disappointment
D)Moira is more likely to be angry at the announcement, because her expectations have been violated
Q2) Sexual scripts can be thought of as:
A)unacceptable behaviors
B)individual creations
C)genetic blueprints
D)learned programs
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Personality
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329 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pagette is nine years old, and it seems that every day she brings home a different friend from school.As she expands her social contacts beyond her immediate family, Pagette is showing behavior that is typical during Freud's:
A)oral stage of personality development
B)latency period of personality development
C)anal stage of personality development
D)phallic stage of personality development
Q2) Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to have:
A)low self-esteem
B)high self-efficacy
C)high self-confidence
D)low self-efficacy
Q3) Jung proposed that the collective unconscious contains:
A)all the forbidden desires and traumas accumulated over the person's life
B)the ego and its defense mechanisms
C)archetypes, symbols of enduring concepts passed from one generation to the next D)a driving force to overcome inferiority and to achieve superiority
Q4) According to Freud, the superego operates according to a(n)
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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329 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Devin, Jeremiah, Meg, and Casey all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground.They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up, even though none of them had called 911.In this case, the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates the phenomenon of:
A)social loafing
B)social interference
C)normative social influence
D)the bystander effect
Q2) When Candy is driving on her own, she usually drives the speed limit.However, when she gets on a freeway with lots of other drivers around she tends to drive faster.The increase in Candy's driving speed when other drivers are present is consistent with the concept of:
A)groupthink
B)social facilitation
C)a self-serving bias
D)reciprocity
Q3) The study of how people use perception, memory, thought, and emotion to help make sense of other people as well as themselves is ____________________.
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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329 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying disease that can be cured with the appropriate therapy is an assumption of the:
A)cognitive model
B)humanistic model
C)behavioral model
D)medical model
Q2) If an individual lives in a culture that discourages the expression of emotion, then ____________________ will be somewhat harder to detect and treat.
Q3) Anxiety that is "free-floating," and which cannot be attributed to any single identifiable source, is the key defining characteristic of panic disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In general, phobic disorder is more likely to affect women, but generalized anxiety disorder is more likely to affect men.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Identify the main characteristics associated with schizophrenic disorders.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thorazine (chlorpromazine) works by acting on the levels of ____________________ in the brain.
Q2) Which of the following pairings of disorder and treatment is correct?
A)cingulotomy: obsessive-compulsive disorder
B)ECT: anxiety disorders
C)lithium: depression
D)Prozac: schizophrenia
Q3) Rational-emotive therapy was developed by ____________________.
Q4) Treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques are called ____________________.
Q5) Separation of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain is what occurs during the procedure called:
A)the cingulotomy
B)electroshock therapy
C)the prefrontal lobotomy
D)magnetic seizure therapy
Q6) Treatments designed to remove irrational beliefs and negative thoughts that are presumed to be responsible for psychological disorders are called
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Chapter 16: Stress and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term ____________________ is used to refer to the state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations.
Q2) Educating the public as a whole in ways to reduce or eliminate health problems before they start is considered:
A)tertiary prevention
B)primary prevention
C)secondary prevention
D)auxiliary prevention
Q3) A state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations is referred to as:
A)posttraumatic stress disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)burnout
D)general adaptation syndrome
Q4) Many psychologists believe that stress can be managed effectively though logical reanalysis and positive reappraisal.
A)True
B)False
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