Psychology 101 Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Psychology 101 is an introductory course that explores the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Students will learn about the foundational theories, research methods, and key concepts that underpin the field of psychology. The course covers major topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students gain an understanding of how psychological principles apply to everyday life and human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) After the end of World War II,which field of psychology expanded greatly?
A)Comparative psychology
B)Positive psychology
C)Clinical psychology
D)Behaviorism
Answer: C
Q2) What do sports psychologists do?
A)They study the effects of unconscious motivations on athletic performance.
B)They provide psychotherapy to athletes after a defeat.
C)They help other psychologists exercise and develop athletic abilities.
D)They help athletes set goals and concentrate their efforts.
Answer: D
Q3) What is meant by "applied research" as opposed to basic research?
A)Applied research relies on simpler methods or observations.
B)Applied research studies people instead of laboratory animals.
C)Applied research attempts to answer theoretical questions.
D)Applied research attempts to solve practical problems.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the correlation between variables A and B is negative,what can we conclude?
A)Increases in A are associated with decreases in B.
B)Measurements of A are lower than the measurements of B.
C)The values of A are unrelated to the values of B.
D)The strength of the relationship between A and B has been growing weaker over time.
Answer: A
Q2) For which of the following is a cross-cultural sample most important?
A)Studies about the basic mechanisms of vision, hearing, and other senses
B)Studies about the humanlike behaviors of chimpanzees
C)Studies about chemicals in the brain and how they influence behavior
D)Studies about which male-female differences are natural, and which ones are learned
Answer: D
Q3) If p < 0.05,then which of the following is true?
A)The result is larger than usually occurs by chance.
B)The effectiveness of the treatment has been growing weaker over time.
C)The difference between two groups is, on average, less than 5 percent.
D)The apparent result of the experiment is difficult to replicate.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) To reduce or avoid effects of experimenter bias,it is best to have a _______ observer make the observations or collect the data.
Answer: blind
Q2) If most patients recover from depression after a few months of therapy,we can conclude that the therapy was helpful.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Why have many psychologists begun to worry that some of the published results may not be replicable?
Answer: Throughout the world,many psychological researchers are conducting studies.Overall,a huge number are conducted.Random fluctuations in the data will occasionally produce an unlikely event,with p < 0.05.Researchers attempt to publish any result that appears to be statistically significant,and therefore some of the published results (including some that seem very interesting)may be accidents,or may represent a finding that occurs only under limited circumstances.(Also,some results are known to depend on incidental factors such as the odor of the experimenter!)
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which brain area is most responsible for movements that require aim or timing?
A)Hypothalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Amygdala
D)Cerebellum
Q2) For you to perceive that the man moving his lips is also making the sounds you hear,what must be true of the movements and sounds?
A)They must be meaningful and approximately equal in intensity.
B)They must be simultaneous and seem to come from the same direction.
C)They must be both meaningful and familiar.
D)They must be familiar and seem to come from the same direction.
Q3) Why do many Asian adults avoid drinking much milk?
A)The rice in Asian diet is incompatible with milk.
B)The cows in Asia produce very little milk.
C)Many Asians' genes make it difficult for them to digest milk.
D)Many Asians' taste buds react to milk as if it were bitter.
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Chapter 3: A: Biological Psychology
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Q1) Ritalin (methylphenidate)works at the same synapses,by the same mechanism (except for how fast or slowly it works)as the often abused drug __________.
Q2) Dendrites receive information from other cells,and axons send information to other cells.
A)True B)False
Q3) The part of the nervous system most important for aim and timing is the_______.
Q4) If you lose part of your brain,you lose part of your mind.
A)True B)False
Q5) Differences in brain anatomy relate to how well people can recognize faces. A)True B)False
Q6) People become temporarily motion blind while they are making voluntary eye movements.
A)True B)False
Q7) The nervous system has two kinds of cells,called _____ and glia.
Q8) For most people,language depends on the ______ hemisphere of the brain.
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Placebos most strongly relieve which two conditions?
A)Anger and schizophrenia
B)Hunger and obsessive-compulsive disorder
C)Fatigue and anorexia nervosa
D)Pain and depression
Q2) What causes a phantom limb sensation?
A)The spinal cord gets out of alignment.
B)The stump where the limb was amputated continues to irritate receptors.
C)Neurons form altered connections in the cerebral cortex.
D)People who cannot accept their loss experience an emotional reaction.
Q3) What type of sensation does the vestibular sense control?
A)Position of the head
B)Vibration on the skin
C)Pain and temperature
D)Activity of the digestive organs
Q4) How does vision differ among animal species,if at all?
A)Hawks, eagles, and other predatory birds can see farther than we can.
B)Many birds and insects see ultraviolet radiation that we do not see.
C)Cats and certain other species can see in total darkness.
D)Among species that have vision at all, no differences exist.
Page 8
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Chapter 4: A: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Surgery can correct certain types of deafness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) On other planets elsewhere in the universe,we might see colors differently from those on Earth.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A gray square could look blue,yellow,or any other color,depending on its surround.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The sensations of pressure,pain,warmth,cold,vibration,and stretch of the skin are collectively known as the ____________________ senses.
Q5) Define and differentiate trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory.Which theory most easily explains negative color afterimages?
Q6) Describe differences between vision in the fovea and vision in the periphery of the eye.
Q7) Red-green color vision deficiency results from a recessive gene on the _____ chromosome.
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Chapter 5: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher studies one group as they grow older in which type of study?
A)Retrospective
B)Longitudinal
C)Cross-cultural
D)Cross-sectional
Q2) What point did Erik Erikson's stages of development emphasize?
A)Cultural differences determine people's intellectual patterns.
B)Difficulties at any age lead to further difficulties later.
C)Childhood sexual fantasies and frustrations lead to neurosis.
D)Human development and maturation depend largely on genetic influences.
Q3) What people are in the "same cohort" as you?
A)People who live in the same region as you
B)People whose interests are similar to yours
C)People who are about the same age as you
D)People who speak the same language or dialect as you
Q4) What evidence suggests a cultural influence on children's choices of toys?
A)Children in wealthier countries have a wider variety of choices of toys.
B)Small children tend to prefer different toys than larger children.
C)Television advertisements can make a toy popular for boys instead of girls.
D)In many cultures, boys prefer dolls and girls prefer toy trucks.
Page 10
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Chapter 5: A: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The idea that some people know something that other people do not is called "theory of ______."
Q2) According to Erik Erikson,someone who has problems at one stage of development will probably continue to have difficulties at later ages.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lev Vygotsky emphasized the idea that with appropriate help,children can advance a certain distance beyond what they can do by themselves.He called this distance the zone of __________ development.
Q4) Describe the Strange Situation and how psychologists use it to evaluate infant attachment.
Q5) Men and women differ in their interests more than they do in their abilities. A)True
B)False
Q6) How would a psychologist determine whether a child understands Piaget's concept of conservation?
Q7) Can infants within the first days after birth recognize their own mother's voice? What evidence supports this conclusion?
11
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because Thorndike's cats learned gradually instead of suddenly,what did he conclude?
A)The cats learned by classical conditioning, not operant conditioning.
B)The cats learned by gaining an understanding of the situation.
C)Learning means increased sensitivity at glutamate synapses.
D)Learning means strengthening responses, not gaining insights.
Q2) Suppose you have been conditioned to show increased heart rate at the sight of a venomous snake.What would you have to do to demonstrate stimulus generalization?
A)Continue your increased heart rate long after the snake has left.
B)Increase your heart rate at the sight of a harmless snake.
C)Decrease your heart rate after the snake has left.
D)Report unpleasant dreams about a venomous snake.
Q3) Why did Thorndike conclude that his cats did NOT solve his task by an understanding or insight?
A)Even after many trials, they often failed to escape from the puzzle box.
B)The cats improved their escape times gradually and irregularly.
C)The cats escaped rapidly, even on the first trial.
D)The cats were slow to escape for many trials, and then improved suddenly.
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Chapter 6: A: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Money is considered a primary reinforcer.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If one stimulus predicts a second stimulus,which occurs regardless of the individual's behavior,then this type of learning is __________ conditioning.
Q3) The individual's behavior controls the presence or absence of reinforcement in both classical and operant conditioning.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If you have received reinforcement only occasionally for some action,your response will extinguish faster than it will for someone who received reinforcement every time.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Suppose you want to train your roommate to keep his/her side of the room clean.According to the disequilibrium principle,how should you start?
Q6) The idea that evolution prepared us to learn some associations more easily than others is known as _________________.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Students in group A read and reread aChapter for an hour.Those in group B also spend an hour,but they are interrupted four times to try to answer questions about the material.What happens?
A)Those in group A remember the material better.
B)Those in group B remember the material better.
C)Those in group B remember better at first, but those in group A remember longer.
D)Students in the two groups remember about equally.
Q2) School performance,understanding other people's viewpoint,learning a second language,and resisting risky impulses all correlate positively with what?
A)Confabulation
B)Executive functioning
C)Proactive interference
D)The availability heuristic
Q3) Remembering the time you broke your leg is which kind of memory?
A)Procedural memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Semantic memory
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Chapter 7: A: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brain damage that impairs declarative memory will equally impair procedural memory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A police officer is interviewing a young child about a possible instance of child abuse.What should the interviewer do and avoid doing?
Q3) If you remember more of some material the second time you try to recall it than you did the first time,your improved memory is called ________.
Q4) "Flashbulb" memories of highly emotional events are not only vivid,but also reliably accurate.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Children who experience traumatic events (for example,witnessing the murder of their parents)repress the memories and cannot recall them later.
A)True
B)False
Q6) If you are trying to memorize a list of words,what are some strategies that would help?
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Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these helps explain the early failures to teach chimpanzees to talk?
A)Chimpanzees are not interested in the same things that humans are.
B)The psychologists trying to train the chimpanzees used insufficient reinforcements.
C)Chimpanzees hear sounds higher than the human range.
D)Chimpanzees are unable to make human sounds.
Q2) People with ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)most often show what attention problem?
A)They pay more attention to the left side of the world than to the right side.
B)They cannot pay attention to anything for more than a few minutes at a time.
C)They have trouble shifting attention when they need to.
D)They fail to show bottom-up control of attention.
Q3) The "productivity" of human language is the ability to do what?
A)To carry on a conversation
B)To respond to language by actually doing something
C)To create new sentences
D)To learn new words
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Chapter 8: A: Cognition and Language
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Q1) We read both during eye fixations and during the eye movements between fixations. A)True
B)False
Q2) If you quickly answer an easy question (or one you assume is easy)without giving it much thought,you are using System ___.
Q3) Compared to satisficers,maximizers tend to make better choices but be less pleased with their choices.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the Stroop effect?
Q5) A unit of sound is called a phoneme.A unit of meaning is a _____.
Q6) A mechanical,repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called a(n)__________.
Q7) One hypothesis about language is that humans evolved language as an accidental by-product of evolving overall intelligence.What evidence argues against that hypothesis?
Q8) Thinking about a concept will activate,or prime,the concepts linked to it through a process called __________ activation.
Page 17
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Chapter 9: Intelligenceintelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the Flynn effect?
A)Children master many aspects of a foreign language more easily than adults do.
B)Intensive early intervention can improve school performance of impoverished children.
C)Mean performance on IQ tests generally increases from one generation to the next.
D)Monozygotic twins generally resemble each other more than dizygotic twins do.
Q2) Which of the following,if true,would strongly support Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences?
A)People appear to have different abilities because of inaccurate measurement.
B)People develop different abilities because of different interests and practice.
C)People develop different abilities because of different genetic predispositions.
D)People develop different abilities because of different types of education.
Q3) The validity of a test indicates which of the following?
A)How consistent someone's scores are between a first test and a retest
B)How many of its question are neither too easy nor too difficult
C)How many institutions have considered the test to be useful
D)How well its scores predict some type of performance
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Chapter 9: A: Intelligence Intelligence
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Q1) The first intelligence tests were based on decades of research on learning,memory,and cognition.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The phenomenon that performance on IQ tests has been increasing from generation to generation is known as the _______ effect
Q3) Of the two types of twins,those resemble each other more strongly in their IQ scores are _____________ twins.
Q4) On a standardized IQ test,the mean score is _________.
Q5) If one group does better on some test,on average,than another group does,we can conclude that the test is biased.
A)True
B)False
Q6) If an aptitude test measures fluid intelligence,an achievement test measures ______ intelligence.
Q7) Of the tests intended to be culture-fair or culture-reduced,the best known is Raven's _______ _______ test.
Q8) Describe two explanations for the g factor in intelligence.
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Chapter 10: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) When hypnosis relieves pain,what is changing most strongly?
A)The responsiveness of pain receptors in the skin
B)The person's verbal report of what is actually the same pain experience as usual
C)The speed of conduction of pain messages between the spinal cord and the brain
D)The person's emotional response to the pain
Q2) Which of these can hypnosis achieve effectively?
A)To improve the accuracy of memory
B)To reduce pain
C)To give people strength far beyond their normal capacity
D)To alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
Q3) What do night terrors and sleepwalking have in common with each other?
A)They become more common in old age.
B)They result from a lack of orexin in the brain.
C)They occur as a result of obesity.
D)They occur during non-REM sleep.
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Chapter 10: A: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) Dreams accurately predict the future.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Modern methods of measuring brain activity enable researchers to answer certain questions about consciousness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The brain is most active during the _____ sleep stage.
Q4) Brain recordings suggest that some people in a vegetative state are conscious.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Paradoxical sleep,marked by high brain activity but no muscle activity,is synonymous with _____ sleep.
Q6) An important function of sleep is to save energy.
A)True
B)False
Q7) People who experience sudden attacks of extreme sleepiness in the middle of the day are suffering from ________.
Q8) Describe the key differences between REM sleep and other stages of sleep.
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) Masters and Johnson described sexual response in terms of four stages.What is the first stage?
A)Acceptance
B)Resolution
C)Plateau
D)Excitement
Q2) Researchers have reported similarities between which conditions?
A)Bulimia nervosa and drug addiction
B)Obesity and attention deficit disorder
C)Anorexia nervosa and bipolar disorder
D)Narcolepsy and schizophrenia
Q3) Does homosexual behavior occur in nonhuman animals?
A)It occurs only when an animal cannot find a partner of the opposite sex.
B)It occurs only in animals with abnormalities in their appearance and hormones.
C)It occurs in many animal species under natural conditions.
D)It has never been observed in natural conditions.
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Chapter 11: A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) Fat cells in your body release the hormone leptin,which signals your brain that you should stop eating.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The hormone that increases the flow of glucose and other nutrients into body cells is _______.
Q3) A goal to "do your best" is highly effective in motivating increased efforts.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Someone who regards himself as a man and who prefers male sexual partners has a ____________________ gender identity.
Q5) Long-term regulation of food intake depends partly on the hormone leptin,which is released by ____________ cells.
Q6) Freud was correct to distinguish between vaginal and clitoral orgasms. A)True B)False
Q7) Estimating your probability of doing something increases your probability of actually doing it.This observation is known as the ______ _________ effect.
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Chapter 12: Part 1 Emotions,stress,and
Healthemotions,stress,and Health
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Q1) How did Hans Selye define stress?
A)The result from facing lifelong difficulties such as poverty
B)The way the body reacts to any demand made upon it
C)Mental fatigue caused by dealing with unrealistic expectations
D)Events that lead to unpleasant emotions such as fear and sadness
Q2) Why is problem-focused coping an effective way to deal with stress?
A)Thinking you have control is calming, even if you don't.
B)Thinking about the problem is a good distraction.
C)Thinking about the problem makes it seem less threatening.
D)Thinking about the problem increases heart rate and breathing rate.
Q3) If someone argued that all human facial expressions are learned,what evidence could you cite against that opinion?
A)Most facial expressions occur rapidly in the appropriate situations.
B)Some people express their emotions more strongly than other people do.
C)Children who are born deaf and blind laugh, frown, smile, and cry.
D)Some emotional expressions are harder to produce than others are.
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Chapter 12: A: Emotional,stress,and
Healthemotional,stress,and
Health
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Q1) The study of the features that enrich life,such as happiness,hope,creativity,courage,spirituality,and responsibility,is known as __________ psychology.
Q2) You can increase your happiness by listing things you feel grateful about.
A)True
B)False
Q3) One of the main problems facing the developers of emotional intelligence tests is determining what the correct answers are.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Most people are good at detecting when others are lying.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A modified version of the polygraph test produces more accurate results by asking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized.This is known as the _______ ________ test.
Q6) Psychologists have debated whether or not humans have "basic emotions" and,if so,what constitutes a basic emotion? What evidence do people most often cite as support for the idea of basic emotions?
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Chapter 13: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) Which of these sayings does the "mere exposure" effect in social psychology contradict?
A)Look before you leap.
B)Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
C)A stitch in time saves nine.
D)He who hesitates is lost.
Q2) How do most people react to a face that is similar to their own?
A)They regard it as trustworthy but not sexy.
B)They regard it as sexy but not trustworthy.
C)They regard it as intelligent but not creative.
D)They regard it as creative but not intelligent.
Q3) How did Sherif and other researchers increase hostility between groups at a summer boys' camp?
A)By organizing a series of competitions
B)By requiring two groups to dress differently
C)By telling each group unpleasant information about the other group
D)By having one set of "counselors" attack the other set
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Chapter 13: A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) Playing violent video games causes increased violent behavior in real life.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A common way of measuring attitudes is to have people check points along a line ranging from 1,meaning "strongly disagree" to 7,meaning "strongly agree." This rating scale is called a ____________________ scale.
Q3) Social psychology research has revealed that other people can encourage us to do something we would not have done on our own,and they can inhibit us from doing something that we would have done on our own.One example of this is social loafing.Define social loafing and describe two examples of situations when individuals do NOT engage in social loafing.
Q4) Low self-esteem is one of the main causes of violent behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Sometimes a group pressures members into suppressing their doubts and supporting an ill-advised decision.This process is called _________.
Q6) Working together for a common goal is an effective way to overcome prejudices.
A)True
B)False
Page 27
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Chapter 14: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) What did Alfred Adler recommend as a way to improve mental health?
A)Find a healthy balance between your sexual impulses and other drives.
B)Strive for the welfare of all, not just yourself.
C)Follow good habits of eating, sleep, and exercise.
D)Set aside time each day for quiet contemplation.
Q2) What was Alfred Adler's contribution to our concept of mental health?
A)Mental health as balance among the forces of id, ego, and superego
B)Mental health as the outcome of progression through stages of development
C)Mental health as a positive state, not just the absence of mental illness
D)Mental health as a function of genes, neurotransmitters, and other biology
Q3) According to Alfred Adler,how could you achieve the highest level of mental health?
A)Bring all your repressed thoughts and motives into consciousness
B)Meditate quietly to achieve inner peace
C)Seek success for something greater than yourself
D)Learn new habits to replace self-defeating habits
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Chapter 14: A: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) You could lie on many MMPI items,and no psychologist would even suspect.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Freud,children go through five stages of psychosexual development,and each leaves its mark on the adult personality.If normal sexual development is blocked or frustrated at any stage,part of the libido becomes fixated at that stage.Describe Freud's five stages of sexual development and the sexual interest that accompanies each stage.
Q3) The opposite of emotional stability is ____________.
Q4) Items were selected for the MMPI by trial and error,with little regard to theory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Humanistic psychologists emphasize spiritual experiences and beliefs.
A)True
B)False
Q6) According to Freud,the memory of rules and prohibitions that we learned from our parents (such as "nice boys and girls don't do that")is called the _____.
Q7) How did Carl Jung's concept of the unconscious mind differ from Freud's concept?
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Chapter 15: Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
295 Verified Questions
295 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26461
Sample Questions
Q1) What is defined as "a maladaptive,inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people"?
A)Reaction formation
B)Tardive dyskinesia
C)Delusion of grandeur
D)Personality disorder
Q2) Of the following,which therapy is LEAST concerned with people's emotions?
A)Behavior therapy
B)Cognitive therapy
C)Psychoanalysis
D)Humanistic therapy
Q3) Compared to psychotherapy,antidepressant drugs have what advantage?
A)The benefits are more likely to be long-lasting.
B)They provide benefits to a larger number of people.
C)Their effects are better understood theoretically.
D)They are less expensive.
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Chapter 15: A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26441
Sample Questions
Q1) Of three types of treatment for depression-antidepressant drugs,psychotherapy,and electroconvulsive therapy-the one likely to produce the most long-lasting improvement is ___________.
Q2) The widely misunderstood term schizophrenia is based on Greek roots meaning "split mind." To be diagnosed with schizophrenia,according to DSM,someone must exhibit a deterioration of daily activities,including work,social relations,and self-care.He or she must also exhibit at least two additional symptoms out of a list of five possible types of symptoms.Name three of the five symptoms and describe the difference between positive and negative symptoms.
Q3) A symptom such as hallucination or delusion that is noticed by its presence (instead of the absence of something)is called a ___________ symptom.
Q4) The idea that schizophrenia originates with nervous system impairments that develop before,during,or shortly after birth is called the ______________ hypothesis.
Q5) People with major depression report feeling sad far more often than most other people.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A fear that interferes with normal living is called _____________.
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