Psychology 101
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychology 101 is an introductory course that explores the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course covers the foundational concepts, theories, and methods used in psychology, including topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will also be introduced to research methodologies and ethical considerations in psychological research, gaining insights into both classic studies and current advances in the field. By the end of the course, students will have a broad understanding of psychological principles and how they apply to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology An Appreciative View 3rd Edition by Laura A. King
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?
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Q1) Which of the following psychologists is most often known as the founding father of modern psychology?
A)William James
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Charles Darwin
D)Wilhelm Wundt
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of industrial and organizational psychology?
A)Both are centered on the workers in organizations and not on the organizations that employ the workers.
B)Both are independently referred to as personnel psychology.
C)Industrial psychology focuses on industries; organizational psychology focuses on small organizations only.
D)Industrial psychology focuses on personnel matters; organizational psychology focuses on organizational leadership.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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Q1) In the context of psychology's scientific method,the objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study is referred to as the: A)hypothesis.
B)theory.
C)logical conclusion.
D)operational definition.
Answer: D
Q2) Dr.Smith conducts an experiment on motivation.His experimental group is administered the independent variable.His control group is not.Dr.Smith hires Jack to act as a research subject who has little motivation despite the encouragement provided to him during the experiment.Dr.Smith wants to see how Jack's behavior affects the motivation of the actual research subjects in the experimental group.In this experiment,Jack is serving as:
A)the dependent variable.
B)a confederate.
C)an observer.
D)the independent variable.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Q1) Harry has been diagnosed with epilepsy by his neurologist,Dr.Craig.Which of the following should Dr.Craig use to assess Harry's epilepsy by studying his brain-wave activity?
A)Electrooculography
B)Electromyography
C)Electroencephalography
D)Electrocardiography
Answer: C
Q2) In the context of genetics and behavior,the dominant-recessive genes principle implies that the dominant gene prevents the recessive gene from expressing its instructions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter dopamine?
A)It is deficient in patients with Alzheimer disease.
B)It is deficient in patients with anxiety disorders.
C)It is in excess in patients with Parkinson disease.
D)It is in excess in patients with schizophrenia.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Why is the sound reaching one ear more intense than that reaching the other ear? What is this phenomenon known as?
Q2) Nathan is being tutored by one his classmates,Sarah.Nathan wants to ask Sarah to the prom but does not know whether she is interested in him.He looks out for signals of encouragement from her and realizes that she does not have a date for the prom.He also notes that she often calls him on the telephone just to talk,and joins him for lunch on most days.This encourages Nathan to ask Sarah out and when he does,she says yes.According to the signal detection theory,this outcome can best be labeled as a
A)hit
B)miss
C)false alarm
D)correct rejection
Q3) A person walking on the beach hears music in the distance.He follows the music to find its source.The point at which the sound of the music is loudest is the person's absolute threshold.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the context of the auditory system,what is a cochlear implant?
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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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Q1) During a heated argument with his teenage daughter,Mr.Reed suddenly lapsed into a stage of REM sleep.Mr.Reed is most likely suffering from:
A)narcolepsy.
B)insomnia.
C)sleep apnea.
D)REM rebound.
Q2) What type of drug is crystal meth?
A)Opiate
B)Depressant
C)Amphetamine
D)Hallucinogen
Q3) Howard attends a college party where his friend offers him Valium,a tranquilizer.Howard feels very relaxed after taking the drug.Henceforth,he continues taking a Valium pill every day for the next six months.However,he increases his dose to two times a day to achieve the same calming effect.Howard's behavior is likely the result of:
A)transitive inference.
B)tolerance.
C)assimilation.
D)lowered inhibitions.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) In classical conditioning,a conditioned stimulus must serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the context of operant conditioning,a _____ schedule is one in which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
A)partial reinforcement
B)continuous reinforcement
C)vicarious reinforcement
D)vicarious punishment
Q3) Which of the following is true of retention in observational learning?
A)It is the process in which a learner must encode the information to reproduce a model's actions.
B)It is the process in which a learner must withdraw attention from the model's actions.
C)It is the process in which a learner's behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence.
D)It is the process in which a learner imitates the model's actions.
Q4) Describe avoidance learning.Provide an example to illustrate.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time,Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order.Harold most likely used his _____ to recite these digits.
A)procedural memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory
Q2) Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?
A)Semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used in shallow processing.
B)Physical and perceptual features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.
C)The brain's prefrontal cortex is involved in shallow processing.
D)A stimulus is recognized and labeled in shallow processing.
Q3) Short-term memory is divided into substructures of explicit memory and implicit memory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the functions of the three components of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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Q1) Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle,and even though he has never built one,he decides to do it himself.He buys a book of professionally drawn detailed shed plans that provide step-by-step instructions.In this situation,Jim is using:
A)algorithms.
B)heuristics.
C)prototypes.
D)shortcut strategies.
Q2) The Raven Progressive Matrices is considered to be a culture-fair test.Yet,it has been criticized since it discriminates against:
A)groups who are unaware about the concept of time.
B)individuals with lower educational levels.
C)individuals who lack information on international current affairs.
D)groups with low levels of exposure to political science.
Q3) Heritability is a statistic that provides information about a group,not a single individual.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define reasoning.Discuss the two types of reasoning.
Q5) Define the two essential components of critical thinking.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Q1) Jeanette is a teenager who is very different from her parents.She follows her own styles and mannerisms that emphasize her uniqueness.According to Erikson,Jeanette is attempting to establish a(n):
A)intimacy.
B)generativity.
C)identity.
D)integrity.
Q2) Mabel is thrilled to find out that she is pregnant.She wants to make sure that she does not jeopardize the health of her baby.She should avoid all of the following EXCEPT:
A)prescription drugs.
B)tobacco.
C)alcohol.
D)exposure to rubella.
Q3) The period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is called:
A)sex typing.
B)gender identification.
C)puberty.
D)menarche.
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship?
A)He does not have financial security.
B)He has not achieved self-actualization.
C)He likes to be alone.
D)His esteem needs are not fulfilled yet.
Q2) The _____ states that the function of positive emotions is to extend the scope of attention and foster the construction of resources.
A)broaden-and-build model
B)structural model of positive emotion
C)attention-motivating approach
D)circumplex model of emotion
Q3) In the context of self-determination theory,which of the following best defines the term "competence"?
A)Motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being
B)Sense of control of one's own life
C)Need to socialize with others
D)Ability to bring about desired outcomes
Q4) Give a brief account of Yerkes-Dodson law.
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Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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Q1) Beth and her boyfriend,Bernie,have been kissing on the couch for ten minutes.Bernie has a completely erect penis,and his breathing and pulse rate have increased.Bernie's physical responses are most characteristic of the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern identified by Masters and Johnson.
A)plateau
B)orgasm
C)refractory
D)resolution
Q2) Which of the following is true of fetishes?
A)Fetishes are physical objects that tend to diminish sexual interest and desire.
B)People who engage in fetishes have abnormal mental constitutions.
C)People who engage in fetishes always experience personal distress.
D)Fetishes include erotic materials, clothing, and other physical objects.
Q3) Which of the following factors best predicts sexual orientation?
A)Same-sex sexual experiences or experimentation in childhood
B)Being reared by a homosexual parent
C)Being reared by a particular parenting strategy
D)The effect of genes on brain development
Q4) Discuss the differences between the aggressive behavior of males and females.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Q1) According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory,_____ occurs when the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one.
A)regression
B)sublimation
C)rationalization
D)displacement
Q2) Harold is a high-school basketball player who is coached by his father.Harold realizes that his father's affections for him are completely dependent on whether or not Harold plays a good game.Whenever Harold loses a game,his father starts to emotionally withdraw from him.In this scenario,which concept of Rogers's humanistic approach to personality is best illustrated here?
Q3) Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?
A)She believed that no woman experiences penis envy.
B)She believed that the need for security is the most important human need.
C)She supported Freud's notion that anatomy is destiny.
D)She rejected the notion that men covet women's reproductive cAPAcities.
Q4) Describe the concept of subjective well-being in the context of personality and psychological health.
Q5) Distinguish between a Type A and Type B behavior pattern.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Q1) Feeling a reduction in one's personal identity in a group is referred to as social contagion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following cultural factors is most likely to increase conformity?
A)An individualistic culture
B)A collectivist culture
C)Inoculation
D)Ethnocentrism
Q3) Betty sent Christmas cards to everyone in her address book and received Christmas cards in return from most of the recipients.This result is consistent with the social behavior known as:
A)reciprocity.
B)inoculation.
C)altruism.
D)ethnocentrism.
Q4) The tendency to favor one's own group over other groups is called prejudice.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the fundamental attribution error? Explain with the help of an example.
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Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is true of a structured interview?
A)A structured interview facilitates spontaneity and gives priority to competent candidates with job experience.
B)A structured interview is less superior to an unstructured interview in terms of predicting eventual job performance.
C)A disadvantage of conducting a structured interview is that it can hinder a job candidate's performance during an interview.
D)A structured interview puts all candidates on equal footing and gives them all the same chance to demonstrate their skill.
Q2) The evaluation of a person's success at meeting his or her organization's goals is known as _____.
A)performance appraisal
B)orientation
C)job crafting
D)job analysis
Q3) How do computer-based orientation programs differ from in-person orientation programs?
Q4) Describe the four areas of emphasis of industrial psychology.
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Seven months ago,Sandra was involved in a serious car accident.Even though she recovered fully from her injuries,she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the scene of the accident.Now,Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport.She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping.In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders,it can be inferred that Sandra shows symptoms suggestive of _____.
A)social anxiety disorder
B)bipolar disorder
C)post-traumatic stress disorder
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder
Q2) Obsessions differ from compulsions since obsessions are recurrent behaviors,while compulsions are recurrent thoughts.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Across cultures,individuals with schizophrenia in developing,non-industrialized nations tend to have worse outcomes than those in developed,industrialized nations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Therapies
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Q1) Aaron tells his therapist that he feels extremely anxious in a social gathering.In response to Aaron's statement,his therapist asks him to rate his emotions from 0 to 10.According to this scenario,which of the following cognitive therapy techniques has been implemented by Aaron's therapist?
A)Labeling of distortions
B)Systematic desensitization
C)Scaling
D)Distraction
Q2) Alcohol addiction can be reduced through the behavioral technique of systematic desensitization.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Dialectical behavior therapy is an example of an integrative therapy used to treat clients with borderline personality disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Electroconvulsive therapy was originally developed to treat schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Q1) Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is useful in helping people understand the link between _____.
A)stress and health
B)support and stress
C)health and support
D)environment and stress
Q2) Vince is overweight and hence,wants to join a gym to lose weight.According to the theory of reasoned action,which of the following is a critical factor with regard to Vince's chances of effective change?
A)Ignoring specific intentions of his decision to join the gym
B)Having the belief that his friends will like what he is doing
C)Avoiding specific goals
D)Having the ability to control the outcome
Q3) The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis varies from one person to the next.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the function of the HPA axis when a person is under stress.
Q5) Explain the reasons for the use of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology.
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