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Psychological Thought: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives
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Course Introduction
This course explores the development of psychological thought from its philosophical roots to its emergence as a scientific discipline. Students will examine influential philosophical debates about the nature of mind, consciousness, and behavior, tracing how these ideas were shaped by historical contexts and cultural influences. The course covers key figures, schools of thought, and pivotal shifts in psychological theory and practice, providing a comprehensive understanding of how psychology evolved as both an academic field and applied science. Through critical analysis of primary texts and historical case studies, students will gain insight into the foundational perspectives that continue to shape contemporary psychological inquiry.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
450 Flashcards
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Page 2
E. Fancher
Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ideas that young Descartes had at Ulm,which transformed his life and really started him on his vocation as a philosopher and scientist,were primarily about:
A) the reflex.
B) the mind-body dichotomy.
C) a method for obtaining knowledge.
D) the passions.
Answer: C
Q2) According to Descartes's theory of light,the speed of light was:
A) infinite.
B) equal to the speed of sound.
C) finite but immeasurable.
D) equal to the speed of the earth's rotation about the sun.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following labels are appropriate for Descartes?
A) Dualist
B) Nativist
C) Rationalist
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Locke's Simple Ideas were defined as:
A) ideas based on primitive emotions.
B) ideas based on numerous combinations of thought.
C) ideas based exclusively on primary qualities.
D) ideas deriving from the earliest sensations and reflections occurring in an infant.
Answer: D
Q2) For Locke,the largest amount of human knowledge was of which type?
A) intuitive
B) demonstrative
C) sensitive
D) practical
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following was one of Leibniz's favorite metaphors for the human mind at birth?
A) an unwound clock
B) a blank slate
C) an architect's plan
D) a veined slab of marble
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Milner's work with H.M.led her to contribute which major new idea to memory research?
A) There were multiple but integrated memory systems.
B) Short-term memory lasted longer than previously thought.
C) Working memory and long-term memory were really the same thing.
D) Information cannot be transferred from long-term to short-term memory.
Answer: A
Q2) Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on:
A) the natural behavior of birds.
B) human beings suffering from incurable diseases.
C) rats who had previously learned to run mazes.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Q3) In general,which kinds of memories are most affected by head injuries?
A) visual memories
B) early memories
C) recent memories
D) memories of the type corresponding to the area of the brain that is injured
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Helmholtz's experiment with the frog's nerve indicated that the speed of the nervous impulse was:
A) infinite.
B) about the same as that of an electrical current in a wire.
C) slow enough to suggest reaction times of two seconds or more in very large animals.
D) finite, but too fast to be measured with existing equipment.
Q2) The phi phenomenon:
A) was discovered by Kant.
B) illustrates apparent movement.
C) was studied early by Fechner.
D) both b and c above
Q3) According to the Gestalt psychologists,our perceptual processes tend to:
A) organize the visual field into wholes.
B) organize complicated aggregates of stimuli into similar groups.
C) divide the perceptual field into figure and ground.
D) all of the above
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6
Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Titchener strongly advocated an approach to psychology he called:
A) Functionalism.
B) Introspection.
C) Structuralism.
D) Empiricism.
Q2) James McKeen Cattell is known for which of the following?
A) He invented the "subtractive" method for reaction time research.
B) His disagreement with Wundt on the matter of spirituality caused him to leave Leipzig.
C) He wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology, one of the first experimental psychology textbooks.
D) He devised apparatus and techniques for measuring reaction times more accurately, and in a wider and more interesting variety of situations, than had ever been done before.
Q3) Ebbinghaus' innovative method for studying memory experimentally made use of:
A) directed association.
B) mental chronometry.
C) nonsense syllables.
D) structural introspection.
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adam Sedgwick and John Stevens Henslow influenced young Darwin in which of the following ways?
A) They taught him botany and geology at Cambridge.
B) They were favorably disposed to evolutionary theories.
C) They persuaded Darwin's father to allow him to go on the Beagle.
D) all of the above
Q2) What was a factor that helped convert Darwin to the uniformitarian viewpoint during his Beagle voyage?
A) Captain FitzRoy's endorsement of the idea
B) the presence of fossilized seashells high in the mountains
C) his observations of exotic wildlife
D) all of the above
Q3) A recently developed approach hypothesizing that the unit of evolution is the individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group is called:
A) social Darwinism.
B) sociobiology.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) behavior genetics.
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Sample Questions
Q1) Galton's personal conviction that differences in intellectual ability are largely innate arose in part because:
A) in school he found himself easily surpassing other students who came from much more privileged backgrounds than himself.
B) in school he found that he could not compete successfully against the very top students, despite his own privileged background.
C) he observed that the top scientists tended to come from specific countries.
D) males tended to outperform females in academic tasks.
Q2) A flaw in Galton's tests of intelligence at the 1884 Anthropometric laboratory was:
A) the crudity of his measuring instruments.
B) the small number of subjects on which they were tried.
C) the underlying assumption of a strong correlation between practical intelligence and sensory acuity.
D) the statistical methods by which he analyzed his results.
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Sample Questions
Q1) James's The Principles of Psychology had chapters on all of the following except: A) emotion
B) will
C) habit
D) the Unconscious
Q2) William James's attitude toward spiritism and psychical research is best described as follows:
A) complete skepticism as he argued strenuously against the reality of all paranormal phenomena
B) firm belief in the genuineness and reality of at least some paranormal phenomena
C) He actively encouraged and participated in psychical research and was disappointed when experiments turned out negatively.
D) He simply ignored all attempts to attract his interest in the subject.
Q3) What was the name James gave to his philosophical approach?
A) Logical positivism
B) Creative evolution
C) Pragmatism
D) Radical skepticism
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Sample Questions
Q1) Skinner's utopian novel Walden Two describes a society:
A) governed by the principles of classical liberal political theory.
B) whose members' behavior is partly controlled by chemicals.
C) whose members' behavior is completely determined by positive reinforcement.
D) whose members' behavior is completely controlled by judicious use of positive and negative reinforcement.
Q2) Pavlov's consideration of such phenomena as generalization,differentiation,and experimental neurosis led him to conclude that:
A) learning is the result of excitatory processes in different specific locations in the brain.
B) learning is the result of separate excitatory and inhibitory processes which may interact in specific locations in the brain.
C) learning and memory must take place in just a very small part of the brain.
D) physiological explanations of learned behavior would have to be supported by purely psychological explanations and interpretations as well.
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Sample Questions
Q1) The model Charcot followed in specifying types and formes frustes for the illnesses he studied was first suggested by:
A) grand mal and petit mal epilepsy.
B) major and minor hysteria.
C) poliomyelitis.
D) hypnotism.
Q2) Solomon Asch's experiments showed that his subjects' greatest tendency to conform in giving incorrect responses occurred when:
A) they were outnumbered by a unanimous majority of three.
B) they were outnumbered by a unanimous majority of seven.
C) they were outnumbered by a majority of fourteen but with one other dissenter.
D) b and c were approximately equal in producing maximum conformity
Q3) Binet and Henri's experiments showed that children's reported recall of recently observed stimuli:
A) was remarkably accurate even in young children.
B) was influenced by "leading questions" but not by neutral ones.
C) was strongly unreliable under all conditions.
D) was most accurate when they were simply given paper and a pencil and asked to write down what they remembered
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would Freud see as a compromise response made to conflicting demands made upon the mind?
A) a dream
B) an hysterical symptom
C) a defense mechanism
D) all of the above
Q2) When Freud found that a "neutral" manifest dream image such as the chemical formula for trimethylamin symbolized a taboo sexual idea,he named the process involved:
A) condensation.
B) overdetermination.
C) displacement.
D) substitution.
Q3) When Freud delivered his lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in 1909,they were promoted and publicized by _________,but criticized as unscientific by
A) Titchener; Cattell
B) Hall; Titchener
C) Hall; Zeigarnik
D) Hall; Horney
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Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gordon Allport's important collaborative projects included all of the following except:
A) "A Study of Values" with Phillip Vernon.
B) the "PEN" model of personality with Hans Eysenck.
C) a survey of trait names with Henry Odbert.
D) investigations of prejudice with Thomas Pettigrew.
Q2) Gordon Allport identified and promoted which of the following pairs of contrasting research styles in personality?
A) monothetic and pluralistic
B) nomothetic and idiosyncratic
C) idiographic and idiosyncratic
D) nomothetic and idiographic
Q3) Following psychoanalysis and behaviorism,what became classified as the "third force" in psychology?
A) Cognitive psychology
B) Humanistic psychology
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Clinical psychology
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) As he was beginning his self-instruction in psychology,Binet became particularly enthusiastic about which approach?
A) associationism
B) behaviorism
C) structuralism
D) functionalism
Q2) When Binet measured the reaction times of his young daughters he found:
A) their responses were slower than those of adults.
B) their responses were quicker than those of retarded children.
C) their responses were quicker than those of adults.
D) their responses were variable, depending on how well they paid attention to the task.
Q3) Piaget's work and theories had major impact on the development of all of the following areas except:
A) Cognitive psychology.
B) Educational psychology.
C) Developmental psychology.
D) Personality psychology.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The technology employed by Pascal in his "Pascaline" resembled which more modern mechanism?
A) an automobile odometer
B) a digital watch
C) a water clock
D) a self-winding watch
Q2) Who among the following was not one of the leaders in establishing a new cognitive psychology in the 1950s and 1960s?
A) George Miller
B) Jerome Bruner
C) Ulric Neisser
D) Alan Turing
Q3) While Babbage's difference engine was capable of __________________,his analytical engine was potentially capable of ___________________.
A) division; multiplication
B) single tasks; any type of calculation
C) any type of calculation; only single tasks
D) any type of calculation; showing genuine creativity
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Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following except:
A) create an early form of the polygraph test.
B) create a system called scientific management.
C) apply psychology to industry.
D) participate in designing and promoting psychology at the 1893 World's Fair.
Q2) While Münsterberg embraced a relatively strict form of Taylorism,Lillian Gilbreth took a more ___________________ view.
A) personalistic
B) humanistic
C) analytical
D) dynamic
Q3) Three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth's work were:
A) clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization.
B) purposive psychology, industrial psychology, and the psychology of women.
C) motion study research, clinical psychology, and the psychology of women.
D) professionalization, opening the first psychology clinic, and the psychology of women.
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