Psychological Thought and Theories Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of the major schools of psychological thought and foundational theories that have shaped the field. Students will examine the historical development of psychology as a scientific discipline, from early philosophical influences to contemporary perspectives. Key topics include psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, cognitive psychology, and biological approaches, as well as critical evaluation of their applications and limitations. Through analyzing classic and modern theories, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how psychological concepts inform research, practice, and our understanding of human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology 5th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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17 Chapters
1445 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying the History of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Robert I.Watson
A)A History of Experimental Psychology
B)Founders of Modern Psychology
C)The Great Psychologist
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an aspect of historiography,as described in your text?
A) the theory of writing history
B) the critique of writing history
C) the methods of writing history
D) the history of writing history
Answer: B
Q3) Historians who argue that the "spirit of the times" influenced individuals' achievements and the way in which they were received are adopting what approach to history?
A) the zeitgeist approach
B) the Great Man approach
C) the externalist approach
D) the presentist approach
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Q1) Plato
A)De Rerum Natura (or On the Nature of Things)
B)On the Psyche
C)The Republic
Answer: C
Q2) As a young man,__________ often made trips with his merchant father to North Africa,during which time he learned of Indo-Arabic numerals.Following this discovery he wrote a book in Latin,Liber Abaci (Book of Calculations),describing the uses and importance of this system.
A) Leonardo Fibonacci
B) René Descartes
C) Thomas Aquinas
D) Democritus
Answer: A
Q3) Alhazen
A)argued that vision occurred through signals or rays originating in objects that im-pressed themselves on the eyes
B)described and promoted Indo-Arabic numerals
C)described the Floating Man thought experiment
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind: Descartes, Locke, and Leibniz
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Q1) Leibniz
A)An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
B)New Essays on Human Understanding
C)Discourse on Method
Answer: B
Q2) Locke
A)developed analytic geometry
B)developed infinitesimal calculus
C)served as physician to Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper
Answer: C
Q3) According to Descartes,in what sense are nonhuman animals and human beings similar and different?
Answer: All animal bodies,including human bodies,could be explained mechanistically in terms similar to but more complicated than mechanical statues.All nonhuman animals could be fully understood in these mechanistic terms.In the case of human beings,only the body could be explained in mechanical terms,the human soul or mind could not.Descartes understood the human mind and body as separate but interacting entities,a position known as interactive dualism.
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Chapter 4: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Q1) What is a term used to describe the brain's neural plasticity,in which healthy areas have the ability to take over the functions of damaged areas?
A) experientiality
B) equipotentiality
C) physiognomy
D) ablation
Q2) Which of the following assumptions was an error of Gall's in his phrenological theory?
A) Specific psychological functions may be localized in specific brain parts.
B) The shape of the skull accurately reflects the shape of the brain lying beneath.
C) The language function is localized near the front of the cortex.
D) The cerebellum is the center for a specific function.
Q3) The notion that a single memory may be "stored" in several different specific locations scattered throughout the brain is known as
A) Pribram's hologram theory.
B) the redundancy hypothesis.
C) the cerebellar theory.
D) the multiple-memory theory.
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Chapter 5: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Q1) law of conservation of energy
A)All kinds of forces in the universe are potentially interchangeable forms of a sin-gle huge but quantitatively fixed reservoir of energy.
B)All living organisms possess a nonphysical "life force" essential for life and not open to scientific analysis.
C)All physiological process may be understood in terms of physical and chemical principles.
D)Each sensory nerve in the body only carries one kind of sensation.
Q2) __________ was a university friend of Helmholtz's who later collaborated with him in determining the electrochemical nature of the nervous impulse.
A) Johannes Müller
B) Emil de Bois-Reymond
C) Ernst Brücke
D) Thomas Young
Q3) Why was Fechner's invention of psychophysics important for the development of scientific psychology?
Q4) Explain how the faces-vase optical illusion illustrates the figure-ground reversal.
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Chapter 6: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Eleanor Acheson McCulloch Gamble
A)Grundzüge der Physiologischen Psychologie (Principles of Physiological Psychol-ogy)
B)The Animal Mind
C)"The Applicability of Weber's Law to Smell"
Q2) Structuralism was an approach to experimental psychology that
A) focused on the function of the mind rather than the biology of the brain.
B) focused on what the mind is rather than what the mind is for.
C) was completely in keeping with the Wundtian framework.
D) focused solely on physiology, omitting subjective introspection.
Q3) In recent years,Wundt's theories have been newly appreciated for their relevance to which current psychological specialty?
A) psycholinguistics
B) evolutionary psychology
C) intelligence testing
D) psychophysics
Q4) Wilhelm Wundt
A)Eleanor Acheson McCulloch Gamble
B)Henry J.Watt
C)James McKeen Cattell
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Q1) In Darwin's 1871 book The Descent of Man,and Selection in Relation to Sex,he theorized that
A) there are fundamental qualitative differences between humans and animals in terms of mental faculties.
B) human beings have descended from animal ancestors.
C) primitive and "savage" human groups represent separate species.
D) human beings are immune to the influence of natural selection.
Q2) social Darwinism
A)approach that hypothesizes that the unit of evolution is the individual gene,rather than the individual organism or the group
B)the analysis of psychological functions in terms of independently evolved "mod-ules" and their possible adaptive value in the distant evolutionary past
C)the idea that political systems and societies evolve and "progress" due to unbri-dled competition and "the survival of the fittest"
D)the study of the similarities and differences in the psychological functions of var-ious animals,in order to better understanding human functioning
Q3) How was Thomas Malthus's work important to Darwin's thinking about evolution?
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Chapter 8: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) As a young man,Francis Galton was profoundly influenced by
A) an uncle who taught him elementary statistics.
B) a phrenologist who told him his brain and intelligence were naturally better suited to practical than to academic pursuits.
C) a minister who convinced him to pursue altruistic goals.
D) his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, who taught him evolution.
Q2) Which of the following books first made a strong case for the inheritance of human psychological characteristics?
A) Darwin's Origin of Species
B) De Candolle's History of the Sciences and Scientists Over Two Centuries
C) Galton's Natural Inheritance
D) Galton's Hereditary Genius
Q3) Galton's book English Men of Science is notable today because it was
A) the first to prove that scientific interests are innate.
B) the first to use the self-questionnaire method to study a psychological problem and to analyze the results statistically.
C) the first major work to use the correlation coefficient.
D) a conclusive demonstration of the heritability of scientific intelligence.
Q4) Why was Arthur Jensen's work controversial?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) All of the following are true of William James's family members EXCEPT
A) his father's personal crisis was resolved when he encountered the work of mystical philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg.
B) his brother Henry James Jr. became a great novelist.
C) his sister Alice James was intellectually gifted but denied educational opportunities because she was female.
D) his mother was a well-known spiritualist and medium.
Q2) Who was the first African American to earn a Ph.D.in psychology?
A) Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Hall
B) Kenneth B. Clark, supervised by James
C) Mamie Phipps Clark, supervised by Thorndike
D) Francis Cecil Sumner, supervised by Calkins
Q3) Edna Heidbreder
A)Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relation to Physiology,Anthropology,Sociol-ogy,Sex,Crime,Religion and Education
B)Seven Psychologies
C)The Emotions and the Will
D)The Varieties of Religious Experience
Q4) Explain the James-Lange theory of emotion.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Psychology as the Science of Behavior: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner
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Sample Questions
Q1) fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule
A)an operant conditioning schedule in which only the first response after the pas-sage of some specified period of time is reinforced
B)an operant conditioning schedule in which reinforcement occurs after randomly varying numbers of responses have been made
C)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced only after a preset number of responses have been made
D)an operant conditioning schedule in which responses are reinforced after random-ly varying intervals of time
Q2) Watson found Pavlov's conditioned reflex concept useful in his own work because it
A) was a properly objective general technique that he could apply to many other learning situations besides the salivary reflex.
B) explained a great deal about the nature of the brain.
C) showed the value of precise measurements in psychological experiments.
D) disproved the validity of Freudian concepts.
Q3) Describe Skinner's ideal society as presented in Walden Two.
Q4) Define experimental neuroses.
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Chapter 11: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) Hippolyte Bernheim
A)argued that hypnotic susceptibility and hysteria were essentially the same thing
B)argued that susceptibility to hypnosis is simply one aspect of suggestibility more generally
C)described crowd behavior as similar to hypnotic effects
Q2) Festinger and his colleagues discovered that the most effective way to change people's attitudes about something was to
A) pay them well to publicly express a contrary attitude.
B) get them to publicly express a contrary attitude for a small reward.
C) put them in groups where many different opinions are expressed.
D) have them read material promoting a contrary attitude.
Q3) social contagion
A)the pressure individuals feel to align their opinions and behaviors with those of other group members
B)the spread of ideas,attitudes,or behavior patterns in a group through imitation and conformity
C)increases in the strength or intensity of behaviors performed within a social or group setting
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Chapter 12: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Q1) Which academic psychologist conducted important early laboratory-based experimental research on a psychoanalytic concept?
A) Saul Rosenzweig, with his study of motivated forgetting or repression
B) Karen Horney, with her study of differences between men's and women's dreams
C) Erik Erikson, with his study of the adolescent defense mechanisms
D) Melanie Klein, with her study of sexual behavior in infants
Q2) Freud's theory of childhood sexuality emphasized the newborn infant's
A) oral and anal sexuality.
B) polymorphous perversity.
C) repressed sexual impulses.
D) sexual purity.
Q3) At the beginning of his medical career,Freud hoped to specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of what?
A) schizophrenia
B) hysteria
C) poliomyelitis
D) neurological diseases
Q4) What was Karen Horney's criticism of Freud?
Q5) Explain manifest and latent content.
Page 14
Q6) What was significant about Saul Rosenzweig's doctoral research?
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Page 15
Chapter 13: Psychology Gets Personality : Allport, Maslow, and the Broadening Field
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Q1) Gordon Allport's youthful encounter with Freud left him with which conviction?
A) that psychoanalysis could provide the essential foundation for a psychology of "personality"
B) that he himself was an example of a well-adjusted "anal personality"
C) that "depth psychologies" were not always appropriate for dealing with normal individuals
D) that personality traits have their basis in childhood experiences
Q2) Erich Fromm
A)Escape from Freedom
B)Motivation and Personality
C)Patterns of Culture
D)Personality: A Psychological Interpretation
E)Personality and Assessment
Q3) Which one of the following psychologists suggested that,in general,situational factors may be more important than personality traits in determining a person's behavior?
A) Walter Mischel
B) Phillip Zimbardo
C) Hans Eysenck
D) Henry Murray
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Chapter 14: The Developing Mind: Binet, Piaget, and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true about a deviation IQ?
A) It expresses an average IQ for all age groups as 100.
B) It is appropriate for adults as well as for children.
C) It was intended predict deviant behavior in both adults and children.
D) It is based on a person's standing on a normal distribution of scores for people of a similar age.
Q2) IQ
A)a mathematical formula developed by Stern to summarize the results of a Binet-type intelligence test and consisting of the ratio of mental age to chronological age
B)Spearman's concept of a single common factor of generalized mental "power," applicable in some degree to all intellectual tasks
C)term for the single score result children received on Binet and Simon's intelli-gence tests
D)Terman's revision to Stern's intelligence quotient,which multiplied the fraction by 100 to eliminate decimals
E)the calculation of intelligence quotients so that they are indications of where sub-jects stand on normal distributions of previous results from people of their own age
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Chapter 15: Minds, Machines, and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) The opinion that "the heart has its reasons which reason knows nothing of" was famously expressed by whom?
A) Thomas Hobbes
B) Gottfried Leibniz
C) Blaise Pascal
D) Ada Lovelace
Q2) Who were two important pioneers in the development of modern computers and artificial intelligence who worked as codebreakers in their separate countries during World War II?
A) Alan Turing and Claude Shannon
B) George Miller and Jerome Bruner
C) George Boole and Ada Lovelace
D) Noam Chomsky and Ulric Neisser
Q3) Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts were important for their promotion of which of the following?
A) the conception of the brain as a "neural network" of interconnected binary switches
B) the use of computers as codebreaking devices
C) the concept of strong artificial intelligence
D) the use of transistors in computing devices
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Chapter 16: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the Workplace
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Q1) Walter Dill Scott
A)the psychology of advertising
B)the study of highly gifted children
C)the application of psychological expertise in the courtroom
D)the psychology of management
Q2) What were the three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth's work?
A) clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization
B) purposive psychology, industrial psychology, and the psychology of women
C) motion study research, clinical psychology, and the psychology of women
D) professionalization, opening the first psychology clinic, and the psychology of women
Q3) Münsterberg's early work challenging Wundt's conceptualization of what subject attracted the favorable attention of William James?
A) habit
B) speed of nerve conductance
C) will
D) emotion
Q4) How was the Gilbreths' form of scientific management more humanistic than Taylorism?
Q5) What are the Hawthorne studies? Why are they considered controversial?
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Chapter 17: The Art and Science of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Molly Harrower observed that responses to the Rorschach Projective Technique could be used to detect the presence of brain tumors.Individuals with tumors
A) used a more limited number of determinants in their responses.
B) reported darker imagery in their responses.
C) used more detailed forms and shapes in their responses.
D) reported more movement in their responses.
Q2) What was the Macy conference?
A) a meeting of applied psychologists to coordinate fees charged for their services
B) a meeting of psychiatrists to plan how to exclude psychologists from delivering clinical services
C) a meeting of experimental psychologists to discuss the deficiencies of clinical psychologists
D) a meeting of psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to discuss the functions and appropriate training of clinical psychologists
Q3) Briefly describe how Beck turned away from psychoanalysis to develop cognitive therapy.
Q4) What is the criterion-group method and how was it used to develop the MMPI?
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